Created a branch from trunk

[SVN r38959]

doc/bounds.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_bounds]
+
+[section bounds<> traits class]
+
+[section Introduction]
+
+To determine the ranges of numeric types with `std::numeric_limits` \[18.2.1\],
+different syntax have to be used depending on numeric type. Specifically,
+`numeric_limits<T>::min()` for integral types returns the minimum finite value,
+whereas for floating point types it returns the minimum positive normalized
+value. The difference in semantics makes client code unnecessarily complex
+and error prone.
+
+`boost::numeric::bounds<>` provides a consistent interface for retrieving the
+maximum finite value, the minimum finite value and the minimum positive normalized
+value (0 for integral types) for numeric types. The selection of implementation
+is performed at compile time, so there is no runtime overhead.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section traits class bounds<N>]
+
+    template<class N>
+    struct bounds
+    {
+        static N lowest  () { return implementation_defined; }
+        static N highest () { return implementation_defined; }
+        static N smallest() { return implementation_defined; }
+    };
+
+[heading Members]
+
+
+[: `lowest()` ]
+
+Returns the minimum finite value, equivalent to `numeric_limits<T>::min()` when `T`
+is an integral type, and to `-numeric_limits<T>::max()` when `T` is a floating point type.
+
+[: `highest()` ]
+
+Returns the maximum finite value, equivalent to `numeric_limits<T>::max()`.
+
+[: `smallest()` ]
+
+Returns the smallest positive normalized value for floating point types with
+denormalization, or returns 0 for integral types.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Examples]
+
+The following example demonstrates the use of `numeric::bounds<>` and the
+equivalent code using `numeric_limits`:
+
+    #include <iostream>
+
+    #include <boost/numeric/conversion/bounds.hpp>
+    #include <boost/limits.hpp>
+
+    int main() {
+
+        std::cout << "numeric::bounds versus numeric_limits example.\n";
+
+        std::cout << "The maximum value for float:\n";
+        std::cout << boost::numeric::bounds<float>::highest() << "\n";
+        std::cout << std::numeric_limits<float>::max() << "\n";
+
+        std::cout << "The minimum value for float:\n";
+        std::cout << boost::numeric::bounds<float>::lowest() << "\n";
+        std::cout << -std::numeric_limits<float>::max() << "\n";
+
+        std::cout << "The smallest positive value for float:\n";
+        std::cout << boost::numeric::bounds<float>::smallest() << "\n";
+        std::cout << std::numeric_limits<float>::min() << "\n";
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

doc/conversion.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+[library Boost.NumericConversion
+    [quickbook 1.4]
+    [authors [Cacciola Carballal, Fernando Luis]]
+    [copyright 2004-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal]
+    [category numerics]
+    [id numeric_conversion]
+    [dirname numeric_conversion]
+    [purpose
+        Optimized Policy-based Numeric Conversions
+    ]
+    [source-mode c++]
+    [license
+Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+[@http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt])
+    ]
+]
+
+[/ Macros will be used for links so we have a central place to change them ]
+
+
+[/ Cited Boost resources ]
+
+[def __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__ [@../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html MPL's Integral Constant] ]
+
+
+
+[/ Other web resources ]
+
+[def __SGI_UNARY_FUNCTION__ [@http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/UnaryFunction.html Unary Function Object]]
+
+[/ Icons ]
+
+[def __NOTE__ [$images/note.png]]
+[def __ALERT__ [$images/caution.png]]
+[def __DETAIL__ [$images/note.png]]
+[def __TIP__ [$images/tip.png]]
+[def __QUESTION_MARK__ [$images/question.png]]
+[def __SPACE__ [$images/space.png]]
+[def __GO_TO__ [$images/callouts/R.png]]
+
+
+
+
+[section Overview]
+
+The Boost Numeric Conversion library is a collection of tools to describe and
+perform conversions between values of different 
+[link numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types numeric types].
+
+The library includes a special alternative for a subset of `std::numeric_limits<>`,
+the [link numeric_conversion_bounds bounds<>] traits class, which provides 
+a consistent way to obtain the [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range boundary] 
+values for the [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range range] of a numeric type.
+
+It also includes a set of [link numeric_conversion_traits trait classes] 
+which describes the compile-time
+properties of a conversion from a source to a target numeric type.
+Both [link numeric_conversion_cpp_arithmetic_types arithmetic] and 
+[link numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types user-defined numeric types] can be used.
+
+A policy-based [link numeric_conversion_converter converter] object which 
+uses `conversion_traits` to select
+an optimized implementation is supplied. Such implementation uses an optimal
+range checking code suitable for the source/target combination.
+
+* The converter's out-of-range behavior can be customized via an
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler OverflowHandler] policy.
+* For floating-point to integral conversions, the rounding mode can be selected via the
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder Float2IntRounder] policy.
+* A custom low-level conversion routine (for UDTs for instance) can be passed via a
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter RawConverter] policy.
+* The optimized automatic range-checking logic can be overridden via a
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker UserRangeChecker] policy.
+
+[endsect]
+
+
+
+[include definitions.qbk]
+[include converter.qbk]
+[include requirements.qbk]
+[include bounds.qbk]
+[include conversion_traits.qbk]
+[include converter_policies.qbk]
+[include numeric_cast.qbk]
+
+
+
+[section History and Acknowledgments]
+
+
+[heading Pre-formal review]
+
+* Kevlin Henney, with help from David Abrahams and Beman Dawes, originally contributed
+the previous version of `numeric_cast<>` which already presented the idea of a runtime
+range check.
+
+* Later, Eric Ford, Kevin Lynch and the author spotted some genericity problems with
+that `numeric_cast<>` which prevented it from being used in a generic layer of math
+functions.
+
+* An improved `numeric_cast<>` which properly handled all combinations of arithmetic
+types was presented.
+
+* David Abrahams and Beman Dawes acknowledged the need of an improved version of
+`numeric_cast<>` and supported the submission as originally laid out. Daryl Walker and
+Darin Adler made some important comments and proposed fixes to the original submission.
+
+* Special thanks go to Björn Karlsoon who helped the author considerably. Having found the
+problems with `numeric_cast<>` himself, he revised very carefully the original submission
+and spot a subtle bug in the range checking implementation. He also wrote part of
+this documentation and proof-read and corrected other parts. And most importantly:
+the features now presented here in this library evolved from the original submission as
+a result of the useful private communications between Björn and the author.
+
+[heading Post-formal review]
+
+* Guillaume Melquiond spoted some documentation and code issues, particularly about
+rounding conversions.
+
+* The following people contributed an important review of the design, documentation and c
+ode: Kevin Lynch, Thorsten Ottosen, Paul Bristow, Daryle Walker, Jhon Torjo, Eric Ford,
+Gennadiy Rozental.
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Bibliography]
+
+* Standard Documents: 
+    # ISO/IEC 14882:98 (C++98 Standard)
+    # ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C99 Standard)
+    # ISO/IEC 10967-1 (Language Independent Arithmetic (LIA), Part I, 1994)
+    # ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993 (Information Technology - Vocabulary - Part I: Fundamental Terms)
+    # ANSI/IEEE 754-1985 [and IEC 60559:1989] (Binary floating-point)
+    # ANSI/IEEE 854-1988 (Radix Independent floating-point)
+    # ANSI X3/TR-1-82 (Dictionary for Information Processing Systems)
+    # ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14/N753 C9X Revision Proposal: LIA-1 Binding: Rationale
+* Papers:
+    # David Goldberg  What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic
+    # Prof. William Kahan papers on floating-point.
+
+[endsect]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

doc/conversion_traits.html

@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ int main()
 <HR>
 <P>Back to <A HREF="index.html">Numeric Conversion library index</A></P>
 <HR>
-<P>Revised 23 November 2006</P>
+<P>Revised 16 May 2005</P>
 <p>© Copyright Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal, 2004</p>
 <p> Use, modification, and distribution are subject to the Boost Software
 License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">

doc/conversion_traits.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits]
+
+[section conversion_traits<> traits class]
+
+[section Types]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_int_float_mixture_enum]
+
+[section enumeration int_float_mixture_enum]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        enum int_float_mixture_enum
+        {
+           integral_to_integral
+          ,integral_to_float
+          ,float_to_integral
+          ,float_to_float
+        } ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_sign_mixture_enum]
+
+[section enumeration sign_mixture_enum]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+    enum sign_mixture_enum
+    {
+       unsigned_to_unsigned
+      ,signed_to_signed
+      ,signed_to_unsigned
+      ,unsigned_to_signed
+    } ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_udt_builtin_mixture_enum]
+
+[section enumeration udt_builtin_mixture_enum]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        enum udt_builtin_mixture_enum
+        {
+           builtin_to_builtin
+          ,builtin_to_udt
+          ,udt_to_builtin
+          ,udt_to_udt
+        } ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_class_int_float_mixture]
+
+[section template class int_float_mixture<>]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template <class T, class S>
+        struct int_float_mixture : mpl::integral_c<int_float_mixture_enum, impl-def-value> {} ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+Classifying `S` and `T` as either integral or float, this __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__
+indicates the combination of these attributes.
+
+Its `::value` is of enumeration type
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_int_float_mixture_enum `boost::numeric::int_float_mixture_enum`]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_class_sign_mixture]
+
+[section template class sign_mixture<>]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template <class T, class S>
+        struct sign_mixture : mpl::integral_c<sign_mixture_enum, impl-def-value> {} ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+Classifying `S` and `T` as either signed or unsigned, this __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__
+indicates the combination of these attributes.
+
+Its `::value` is of enumeration type
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_sign_mixture_enum `boost::numeric::sign_mixture_enum`]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_class_udt_builtin_mixture]
+
+[section template class udt_builtin_mixture<>]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template <class T, class S>
+        struct udt_builtin_mixture : mpl::integral_c<udt_builtin__mixture_enum, impl-def-value> {} ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+Classifying `S` and `T` as either user-defined or builtin, this __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__
+indicates the combination of these attributes.
+
+Its `::value` is of enumeration type
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_udt_builtin_mixture_enum `boost::numeric::udt_builtin_mixture_enum`]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_traits_is_subranged]
+
+[section template class is_subranged<>]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template <class T, class S>
+        struct is_subranged : mpl::bool_<impl-def-value> {} ;
+
+    } } // namespace boost::numeric
+
+Indicates if the range of the target type `T` is a subset of the range of the source
+type `S`. That is: if there are some source values which fall out of the
+Target type's range.
+
+It is a boolean __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__.
+
+It does not indicate if a particular conversion is effectively out of range;
+it indicates that some conversion might be out of range because not all the
+source values are representable as Target type.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section template class conversion_traits<>]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template <class T, class S>
+        struct conversion_traits
+        {
+            mpl::integral_c<int_float_mixture_enum  , ...> int_float_mixture ;
+            mpl::integral_c<sign_mixture_enum       , ...> sign_mixture;
+            mpl::integral_c<udt_builtin_mixture_enum, ...> udt_builtin_mixture ;
+
+            mpl::bool_<...> subranged ;
+            mpl::bool_<...> trivial ;
+
+            typedef T target_type   ;
+            typedef S source_type   ;
+            typedef ... argument_type ;
+            typedef ... result_type   ;
+            typedef ... supertype     ;
+            typedef ... subtype       ;
+        } ;
+
+    } } // namespace numeric, namespace boost
+
+
+This traits class indicates some properties of a ['numeric conversion] direction:
+from a source type `S` to a target type `T`. It does not indicate the properties
+of a ['specific] conversion, but of the conversion direction. See
+[link numeric_conversion_definitions_subranged Definitions] for details.
+
+The traits class provides the following __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__\s of enumeration
+type. They express the combination of certain attributes of the Source and
+Target types (thus they are call mixture):
+
+[table
+[[       ][        ]]
+[[[*int_float_mixture   ]][
+Same as given by the traits class
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_class_int_float_mixture int_float_mixture]
+]]
+[[[*sign_mixture        ]][
+Same as given by the traits class
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_class_sign_mixture sign_mixture]
+]]
+[[[*udt_builtin_mixture ]]
+[Same as given by the traits class
+[link numeric_conversion_traits_class_udt_builtin_mixture udt_builtin_mixture]
+]]
+]
+
+The traits class provides the following __MPL_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT__\s of boolean type
+which indicates indirectly the relation between the Source and Target ranges
+(see [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range Definitions] for details).
+
+[table
+[[       ][        ]]
+[[subranged ][
+Same as given by [link numeric_conversion_traits_is_subranged is_subranged]
+]]
+[[trivial][
+Indicates if both Source and Target, [_without cv-qualifications], are the same type.
+
+Its `::value` is of boolean type.
+]]
+]
+
+The traits class provides the following types. They are the Source and Target types classified
+and qualified for different purposes.
+
+
+[table
+[[            ][         ]]
+[[[*target_type]][
+The template parameter `T` without cv-qualifications
+]]
+[[[*source_type]][
+The template parameter `S` without cv-qualifications
+]]
+[[[*argument_type]][
+This type is either source_type or `source_type const&`.
+
+It represents the optimal argument type for the
+[link numeric_conversion_converter converter] member functions.
+
+If S is a built-in type, this is `source_type`, otherwise, this is `source_type const&`.
+]]
+[[[*result_type]][
+This type is either target_type or target_type const&
+
+It represents the return type of the 
+[link numeric_conversion_converter converter] member functions.
+
+If `T==S`, it is `target_type const&`, otherwise, it is `target_type`.
+]]
+[[[*supertype]][
+If the conversion is subranged, it is `source_type`, otherwise, it is `target_type`
+]]
+[[[*subtype]][
+If the conversion is subranged, it is `target_type`, otherwise, it is `source_type`
+]]
+]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Examples]
+
+    #include <cassert>
+    #include <typeinfo>
+    #include <boost/numeric/conversion/conversion_traits.hpp>
+
+    int main()
+    {
+
+        // A trivial conversion.
+        typedef boost::numeric::conversion_traits<short,short> Short2Short_Traits ;
+        assert ( Short2Short_Traits::trivial::value ) ;
+
+        // A subranged conversion.
+        typedef boost::numeric::conversion_traits<double,unsigned int> UInt2Double_Traits ;
+        assert (  UInt2Double_Traits::int_float_mixture::value == boost::numeric::integral_to_float ) ;
+        assert (  UInt2Double_Traits::sign_mixture::value == boost::numeric::unsigned_to_signed ) ;
+        assert ( !UInt2Double_Traits::subranged::value ) ;
+        assert ( typeid(UInt2Double_Traits::supertype) == typeid(double) ) ;
+        assert ( typeid(UInt2Double_Traits::subtype) == typeid(unsigned int) ) ;
+
+        // A doubly subranged conversion.
+        assert ( (boost::numeric::conversion_traits<short, unsigned short>::subranged::value) );
+        assert ( (boost::numeric::conversion_traits<unsigned short, short>::subranged::value) );
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+

doc/converter.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_converter]
+
+[section converter<> function object]
+
+[section Synopsis]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+
+        template<class T,
+                 class S,
+                 class Traits,          = conversion_traits<T,S>
+                 class OverflowHandler  = def_overflow_handler,
+                 class Float2IntRounder = Trunc< typename Traits::source_type >,
+                 class RawConverter     = raw_converter<Traits>,
+                 class UserRangeChecker = UseInternalRangeChecker
+                >
+        struct converter
+        {
+            typedef Traits traits ;
+
+            typedef typename Traits::source_type   source_type   ;
+            typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
+            typedef typename Traits::result_type   result_type   ;
+
+            static result_type convert ( argument_type s ) ;
+
+            result_type operator() ( argument_type s ) const ;
+
+            // Internal member functions:
+
+            static range_check_result out_of_range      ( argument_type s ) ;
+            static void               validate_range    ( argument_type s ) ;
+            static result_type        low_level_convert ( argument_type s ) ;
+            static source_type        nearbyint         ( argument_type s ) ;
+
+        } ;
+
+    } } // namespace numeric, boost
+
+
+`boost::numeric::converter<>` is a __SGI_UNARY_FUNCTION__ encapsulating
+the code to perform a numeric conversion with the direction and
+properties specified by the Traits template parameter. It can optionally
+take some [link numeric_coversion_converter_policies policies] which can be used to customize its behavior. The
+`Traits` parameter is not a policy but the parameter that defines
+the conversion.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Template parameters]
+
+[table
+[[            ][           ]]
+[[`T`][
+The [link numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types Numeric Type] 
+which is the ['Target] of the conversion.
+]]
+[[`S`][
+The [link numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types Numeric Type] 
+which is the ['Source] of the conversion.
+]]
+[[`Traits`][
+This must be a conversion traits class with the interface of
+[link numeric_conversion_traits `boost::numeric::conversion_traits`]
+]]
+[[`OverflowHandler`][
+[*Stateless Policy] called to administrate the result of the range checking.
+
+It is a [*Function Object] which receives the result of `out_of_range()`
+and is called inside the `validate_range()` static member function exposed
+by the converter.
+]]
+[[`Float2IntRounder`][
+[*Stateless Policy] which specifies the rounding mode used for float to
+integral conversions.
+
+It supplies the `nearbyint()` static member function exposed by the converter.
+]]
+[[`RawConverter`][
+[*Stateless Policy] which is used to perform the actual conversion.
+
+It supplies the `low_level_convert()` static member function exposed
+by the converter.
+]]
+[[`UserRangeChecker`][
+['Special and Optional] [*Stateless Policy] which can be used to override
+the internal range checking logic.
+
+If given, supplies alternative code for the `out_of_range()` and
+`validate_range()` static member functions exposed by the converter.
+]]
+]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Member functions]
+
+[: `static result_type converter<>::convert ( argument_type s ) ; // throw
+`]
+
+This static member function converts an rvalue of type `source_type` to
+an rvalue of type `target_type`.
+
+If the conversion requires it, it performs a range checking before the conversion
+and passes the result of the check to the overflow handler policy (the default
+policy throws an exception if out-of-range is detected)
+
+The implementation of this function is actually built from the policies and is
+basically as follows:
+
+    result_type converter<>::convert ( argument_type s )
+    {
+        validate_range(s); // Implemented by the internal range checking logic
+                           // (which also calls the OverflowHandler policy)
+                           // or externally supplied by the UserRangeChecker policy.
+
+        s = nearbyint(s); // Externally supplied by the Float2IntRounder policy.
+                          // NOTE: This is actually called only for float to int conversions.
+
+        return low_level_convert(s); // Externally supplied by the RawConverter policy.
+    }
+
+`converter<>::operator() const` just calls `convert()`
+
+__SPACE__
+
+[: `static range_check_result numeric_converter<>::out_of_range ( argument_type s ) ;`]
+
+This [link numeric_conversion_converter_internal internal] static member function 
+determines if the value `s` can be
+represented by the target type without overflow.
+
+It does not determine if the conversion is ['exact]; that is, it does not detect
+['inexact] conversions, only ['out-of-range] conversions (see the
+[link numeric_conversion_definitions_roundoff Definitions] for further details).
+
+The return value is of enum type 
+[link numeric_conversion_converter_policies_range_check_result `boost::numeric::range_check_result`]
+
+The actual code for the range checking logic is optimized for the combined
+properties of the source and target types. For example, a non-subranged
+conversion (i.e: `int`->`float`), requires no range checking, so `out_of_range()`
+returns `cInRange` directly. See the following 
+[link numeric_conversion_converter_range_checking_logic table] for more details.
+
+If the user supplied a
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker UserRangeChecker] policy, 
+is this policy which implements this function, so the implementation is user 
+defined, although it is expected to perform the same conceptual check and 
+return the appropriate result.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+[: `static void numeric_converter<>::validate_range ( argument_type s ) ; // no throw
+`]
+
+This [link numeric_conversion_converter_internal internal] static member function 
+calls out_of_range(s), and passes the
+result to the [link numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler OverflowHandler] 
+policy class.
+
+For those Target/Source combinations which don't require range checking, this
+is an empty inline function.
+
+If the user supplied a 
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker UserRangeChecker] policy, 
+is this policy which implements this function, so the implementation is user 
+defined, although it is expected to perform the same action as the default. 
+In particular, it is expected to pass the result of the check to the overflow handler.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+[: `static result_type numeric_converter<>::low_level_convert ( argument_type s ) ;` ]
+
+This [link numeric_conversion_converter_internal internal] static member function 
+performs the actual conversion.
+
+This function is externally supplied by the 
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter RawConverter] policy class.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+[: `static source_type converter<>::nearbyint ( argument_type s ) ;`]
+
+This [link numeric_conversion_converter_internal internal] static member function, 
+which is [_only used] for
+`float` to `int` conversions, returns an ['integer] value of ['[_floating-point
+type]] according to some rounding direction.
+
+This function is externally supplied by the 
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder Float2IntRounder] policy class
+which encapsulates the specific rounding mode.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+[#numeric_conversion_converter_internal]
+
+[heading Internal Member Functions]
+
+These static member functions build the actual conversion code used by `convert()`.
+The user does not have to call these if calling `convert()`, since `convert()` calls
+them infernally, but they can be called separately for specific needs.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_converter_range_checking_logic]
+
+[section Range Checking Logic]
+
+The following table summarizes the internal range checking logic performed for
+each combination of the properties of Source and Target.
+
+LowestT/HighestT denotes the highest and lowest values of the Target type, respectively.
+
+`S(n)` is short for `static_cast<S>(n)` (`S` denotes the Source type).
+
+`NONE` indicates that for this case there is no range checking.
+
+[pre
+[^
+int_to_int    |--> sig_to_sig     |--> subranged     |--> ( s >= S(LowestT) ) && ( s <= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--> not subranged |--> NONE
+              |
+              |--> unsig_to_unsig |--> subranged     |--> ( s >= S(LowestT) ) && ( s <= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--> not subranged |--> NONE
+              |
+              |--> sig_to_unsig   |--> pos subranged     |--> ( s >= S(0) ) && ( s <= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--> not pos subranged |--> ( s >= S(0) )
+              |
+              |--> unsig_to_sig   |--> subranged     |--> ( s <= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--> not subranged |--> NONE
+]
+[^
+int_to_float   |--> NONE
+]
+[^
+float_to_int   |--> round_to_zero         |--> ( s >  S(LowestT)-S(1)   ) && ( s <  S(HighestT)+S(1)   )
+               |--> round_to_even_nearest |--> ( s >= S(LowestT)-S(0.5) ) && ( s <  S(HighestT)+S(0.5) )
+               |--> round_to_infinity     |--> ( s >  S(LowestT)-S(1)   ) && ( s <= S(HighestT)        )
+               |--> round_to_neg_infinity |--> ( s >= S(LowestT)        ) && ( s <  S(HighestT)+S(1)   )
+]
+[^
+float_to_float |--> subranged     |--> ( s >= S(LowestT) ) && ( s <= S(HighestT) )
+               |--> not subranged |--> NONE
+]
+]
+
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Examples]
+
+    #include <cassert>
+    #include <boost/numeric/conversion/converter.hpp>
+
+    int main() {
+
+        typedef boost::numeric::converter<int,double> Double2Int ;
+
+        int x = Double2Int::convert(2.0);
+        assert ( x == 2 );
+
+        int y = Double2Int()(3.14); // As a function object.
+        assert ( y == 3 ) ; // The default rounding is trunc.
+
+        try
+        {
+            double m = boost::numeric::bounds<double>::highest();
+            int z = Double2Int::convert(m); // By default throws positive_overflow()
+        }
+        catch ( boost::numeric::positive_overflow const& )
+        {
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+
+
+
+
+

doc/converter_policies.html

@@ -58,14 +58,25 @@ HREF="../../../../boost/numeric/conversion/converter_policies.hpp">boost/numeric
 <PRE>namespace boost { namespace numeric {
 
 
+
+
+
   enum range_check_result
+
   {
+
     cInRange     ,
+
     cNegOverflow ,
+
     cPosOverflow
+
   } ;
 
 
+
+
+
 } }</PRE>
 
 <P>Defines the values returned by <CODE>boost::numeric::converter&lt;&gt;::out_of_range()</CODE>
@@ -79,9 +90,13 @@ HREF="../../../../boost/numeric/conversion/converter_policies.hpp">boost/numeric
   or derived.</P>
 <P>It must have the following interface (it does not has to be a template class):</P>
 <PRE>  struct YourOverflowHandlerPolicy
+
   {
+
     void operator() ( boost::range_check_result ) ; // throw bad_cast or derived
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 <P>It is called with the result of the converter's <CODE>out_of_range()</CODE>
   inside <CODE>validate_range()</CODE>.</P>
@@ -90,24 +105,45 @@ library:</P>
 <PRE>namespace boost { namespace numeric {
 
 
+
+
+
   struct <A NAME="oh_def">def_overflow_handler</a>
+
   {
+
     void operator() ( range_check_result r ) // throw bad_numeric_conversion derived
+
     {
+
       if ( r == cNegOverflow )
+
         throw negative_overflow() ;
+
       else if ( r == cPosOverflow )
+
              throw positive_overflow() ;
+
     }
+
   } ;
 
+
+
   struct <A NAME="oh_silent">silent_overflow_handler</a>
+
   {
+
     void operator() ( range_check_result ) // no-throw
+
       {}
+
   } ;
 
+
+
 } }
+
 </PRE>
 
 <P>And these are the Exception Classes thrown by the default
@@ -115,29 +151,53 @@ overflow handler <a href="#x-note">(see IMPORTANT note)</a></P>
 <PRE>namespace boost { namespace numeric {
 
 
+
+
+
   class <a name="bad_numc">bad_numeric_cast</a> : public std::bad_cast
+
   {
+
     public:
 
+
+
       virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+
         {  return &quot;bad numeric conversion: overflow&quot;; }
+
   };
 
-  class <a name="negovr">negative_overflow</a> : public bad_numeric_conversion
+
+
+  class <a name="negovr">negative_overflow</a> : public bad_numeric_cast
   {
+
     public:
 
+
+
       virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+
         {  return &quot;bad numeric conversion: negative overflow&quot;; }
+
   };
-  class <a name="posovr">positive_overflow</a> : public bad_numeric_conversion
+
+  class <a name="posovr">positive_overflow</a> : public bad_numeric_cast
   {
+
     public:
 
+
+
       virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+
         { return &quot;bad numeric conversion: positive overflow&quot;; }
+
   };
+
 } }
+
 </PRE>
 
 <a name="x-note"><p><b>IMPORTANT RELEASE NOTE for 1.33</b></p></a>
@@ -160,15 +220,25 @@ overflow handler <a href="#x-note">(see IMPORTANT note)</a></P>
   inherits from this policy.</U></P>
 <P>The policy must have the following interface:</P>
 <PRE>  template&lt;class S&gt;
+
   struct YourFloat2IntRounderPolicy
+
   {
+
     typedef S               source_type ;
+
     typedef <I>{S or S const&amp;}</I> argument_type ;
 
+
+
     static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s ) { ... }
 
+
+
     typedef mpl::integral_c&lt;std::float_round_style,std::<i>round_...</i>&gt; round_style ;
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 
 <P>These are the rounder classes provided by the library:</P>
@@ -180,48 +250,89 @@ overflow handler <a href="#x-note">(see IMPORTANT note)</a></P>
   <P>(only the specific parts are shown, see the general policy form above)</P>
   <PRE>namespace boost { namespace numeric {
 
+
+
   <A NAME="trunc"></A>template&lt;class S&gt;
+
   struct Trunc
+
   {
+
     static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+
       {
+
         using std::floor ;
+
         using std::ceil  ;
+
         return s >= static_cast&lt;S&gt;(0) ? floor(s) : ceil(s) ;
+
       }
 
+
+
     typedef mpl::integral_c&lt;std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_zero&gt; round_style ;
+
   } ;
+
   </PRE>
   <PRE>  <A NAME="round"></A>template&lt;class S&gt;
+
   struct RoundEven
+
   {
+
     static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+
       {
+
         return <i>impl-defined-value</i> ;
+
       }
 
+
+
       typedef mpl::integral_c&lt;std::float_round_style,std::round_to_nearest&gt; round_style ;
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 <PRE>  <A NAME="ceil"></A>template&lt;class S&gt;
+
   struct Ceil
+
   {
+
     static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+
     {<br>      using std::ceil ;<br>      return ceil(s) ;<br>    }
 
+
+
     typedef mpl::integral_c&lt;std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_infinity&gt; round_style ;
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 <PRE>  <A NAME="floor"></A>template&lt;class S&gt;
+
   struct Floor
+
   {
+
     static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+
     {<br>      using std::floor ;<br>      return floor(s) ;<br>    }
 
+
+
     typedef mpl::integral_c&lt;std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_neg_infinity&gt; round_style ;
+
   } ;
 
+
+
 } } // namespace numeric, namespace boost</PRE>
 
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
@@ -245,13 +356,21 @@ overflow handler <a href="#x-note">(see IMPORTANT note)</a></P>
   inherits from this policy.</U></P>
 <P>The policy must have the following interface:</P>
 <PRE>  template&lt;class Traits&gt;
+
   struct YourRawConverterPolicy
+
   {
+
     typedef typename Traits::result_type   result_type   ;
+
     typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
 
+
+
     static result_type low_level_convert ( argument_type s ) { return <I>&lt;impl defined&gt;</I> ; }
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 
 <P>This policy is mostly provided as a hook for user defined types which don't
@@ -262,17 +381,31 @@ by the library:</P>
 <PRE>namespace boost { namespace numeric {
 
 
+
+
+
   template&lt;class Traits&gt;
+
   struct <A NAME="rawnumc">raw_numeric_converter</A>
+
   {
+
     typedef typename Traits::result_type   result_type   ;
+
     typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
 
+
+
     static result_type low_level_convert ( argument_type s )
+
       { return static_cast&lt;result_type&gt;(s) ; }
+
   } ;
 
+
+
 }
+
 </PRE>
 
 <HR>
@@ -284,20 +417,35 @@ by the library:</P>
   policy.</U></P>
 <P>The policy must have the following interface:</P>
 <PRE>  template&lt;class Traits&gt;
+
   struct YourRangeCheckerPolicy
+
   {
+
      typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
 
+
+
      // Determines if the value 's' fits in the range of the Target type.
+
      static range_check_result out_of_range ( argument_type s ) ;
 
+
+
      // Checks whether the value 's' is out_of_range()
+
      // and passes the result of the check to the OverflowHandler policy.
+
      static void validate_range ( argument_type s )
+
        {
+
          OverflowHandler()( out_of_range(s) ) ;
+
        }
+
   } ;
+
 </PRE>
 <P>This policy is <b>only</b> provided as a hook for user defined types which
   require range checking (which is disabled by default when a UDT is involved).<br>
@@ -309,10 +457,10 @@ by the library:</P>
 <P>Back to <A HREF="index.html">Numeric Conversion library index</A></P>
 <HR>
 <P>Revised 23 June 2004</P>
-<p>© Copyright Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal, 2004</p>
+<p>© Copyright Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal, 2004</p>
 <p> Use, modification, and distribution are subject to the Boost Software
 License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
 LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">
 www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
 </BODY>
-</HTML>
+</HTML>

doc/converter_policies.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[#numeric_coversion_converter_policies]
+
+[section Numeric Converter Policy Classes]
+
+
+[#numeric_conversion_converter_policies_range_check_result]
+
+[section enum range_check_result]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        enum range_check_result
+        {
+            cInRange     ,
+            cNegOverflow ,
+            cPosOverflow
+        } ;
+
+    } }
+
+Defines the values returned by `boost::numeric::converter<>::out_of_range()`
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler]
+
+[section Policy OverflowHandler]
+
+This ['stateless] non-template policy class must be a ['function object] and is
+called to administrate the result of the range checking. It can throw an exception
+if overflow has been detected by the range checking as indicated by its argument.
+If it throws, is is recommended that it be `std::bad_cast` or derived.
+
+It must have the following interface (it does not has to be a template class):
+
+    struct YourOverflowHandlerPolicy
+    {
+        void operator() ( boost::range_check_result ) ; // throw bad_cast or derived
+    } ;
+
+It is called with the result of the converter's `out_of_range()` inside `validate_range()`.
+
+These are the two overflow handler classes provided by the library:
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        struct def_overflow_handler
+        {
+            void operator() ( range_check_result r ) // throw bad_numeric_conversion derived
+            {
+                if ( r == cNegOverflow )
+                    throw negative_overflow() ;
+                else if ( r == cPosOverflow )
+                    throw positive_overflow() ;
+            }
+        } ;
+
+        struct silent_overflow_handler
+        {
+            void operator() ( range_check_result ) // no-throw
+            {}
+        } ;
+
+    } }
+
+And these are the Exception Classes thrown by the default overflow handler
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler_important_note (see IMPORTANT note)]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        ``[#numeric_conversion_bad_numeric_cast]``
+        class bad_numeric_cast : public std::bad_cast
+        {
+            public:
+            virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+            {
+                return "bad numeric conversion: overflow";
+            }
+
+        };
+
+        ``[#numeric_conversion_negative_overflow]``
+        class negative_overflow : public bad_numeric_cast
+        {
+            public:
+            virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+            {
+                return "bad numeric conversion: negative overflow";
+            }
+        };
+
+        ``[#numeric_conversion_possitive_overflow]``
+        class positive_overflow : public bad_numeric_cast
+        {
+            public:
+            virtual const char *what() const // throw()
+            {
+                return "bad numeric conversion: positive overflow";
+            }
+        };
+
+
+    } }
+
+[#numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler_important_note]
+
+[important [*RELEASE NOTE for 1.33]
+Previous to boost version 1.33, the exception class `bad_numeric_cast` was
+named `bad_numeric_conversion`. However, in 1.33, the old function
+`numeric_cast<>` from `boost/cast.hpp` was completly replaced by the
+new `numeric_cast<>` in `boost/numeric/conversion/cast.hpp`
+(and `boost/cast.hpp` is including `boost/numeric/conversion/cast.hpp` now).
+That old function which existed in boost for quite some time used the
+`bad_numeric_cast` as its exception type so I decided to avoid backward
+compatibility problems by adopting it (guessing that the user base for
+the old code is wider than for the new code).
+]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder]
+
+[section Policy Float2IntRounder]
+
+This ['stateless] template policy class specifies the rounding mode used
+for [_float to integral] conversions. It supplies the `nearbyint()`
+static member function exposed by the converter, which means that it
+[_publicly inherits from this policy].
+
+The policy must have the following interface:
+
+    template<class S>
+    struct YourFloat2IntRounderPolicy
+    {
+        typedef S               source_type ;
+        typedef {S or S const&} argument_type ;
+
+        static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s ) { ... }
+
+        typedef mpl::integral_c<std::float_round_style,std::round_...> round_style ;
+
+    } ;
+
+These are the rounder classes provided by the library (only the specific parts are shown,
+see the general policy form above)
+
+[note
+These classes are not intended to be general purpose rounding functions
+but specific policies for `converter<>`. This is why they are not function objects.
+]
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+
+        template<class S>
+        struct Trunc
+        {
+            static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+            {
+                using std::floor ;
+                using std::ceil  ;
+
+                return s >= static_cast<S>(0) ? floor(s) : ceil(s) ;
+            }
+
+            typedef mpl::integral_c<std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_zero> round_style ;
+        } ;
+
+
+        template<class S>
+        struct RoundEven
+        {
+            static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+            {
+                return impl-defined-value ;
+            }
+
+            typedef mpl::integral_c<std::float_round_style,std::round_to_nearest> round_style ;
+        } ;
+
+
+        template<class S>
+        struct Ceil
+        {
+            static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+            {
+                using std::ceil ;
+                return ceil(s) ;
+            }
+
+            typedef mpl::integral_c<std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_infinity> round_style ;
+        } ;
+
+
+        template<class S>
+        struct Floor
+        {
+            static source_type nearbyint ( argument_type s )
+            {
+                using std::floor ;
+                return floor(s) ;
+            }
+            typedef mpl::integral_c<std::float_round_style,std::round_toward_neg_infinity> round_style ;
+        } ;
+
+    } } // namespace numeric, namespace boost
+
+[heading Math Functions used by the rounder policies]
+
+The rounder policies supplied by this header use math functions `floor()` and `ceil()`.
+The standard versions of these functions are introduced in context by a using directive,
+so in normal conditions, the standard functions will be used.
+
+However, if there are other visible corresponding overloads an ambiguity could arise.
+In this case, the user can supply her own rounder policy which could, for instance,
+use a fully qualified call.
+
+This technique allows the default rounder policies to be used directly with
+user defined types. The user only requires that suitable overloads of `floor()` and `ceil()`
+be visible. See also [link numeric_conversion_requirements User Defined Numeric Types]
+support.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter]
+
+[section Policy RawConverter]
+
+This ['stateless] template policy class is used to perform the 
+actual conversion from Source to Target. It supplies the 
+`low_level_convert()` static member function exposed by the 
+converter, which means that it publicly inherits from this policy.
+
+The policy must have the following interface:
+
+    template<class Traits>
+    struct YourRawConverterPolicy
+    {
+        typedef typename Traits::result_type   result_type   ;
+        typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
+
+        static result_type low_level_convert ( argument_type s ) { return <impl defined> ; }
+    } ;
+
+
+This policy is mostly provided as a hook for user defined types which don't support `static_cast<>` conversions to some types
+
+This is the only raw converter policy class provided by the library:
+
+    namespace boost { namespace numeric {
+
+        template<class Traits>
+        struct raw_numeric_converter
+        {
+            typedef typename Traits::result_type   result_type   ;
+            typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
+
+            static result_type low_level_convert ( argument_type s )
+            {
+                return static_cast<result_type>(s) ; 
+            }
+        } ;
+
+    } }
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker]
+
+[section Policy UserRangeChecker]
+
+This ['stateless] template policy class is used [_only if supplied] 
+to [*override] the internal range checking logic.
+
+It supplies the `validate_range()` static member function 
+exposed by the converter, which means that it publicly inherits 
+from this policy.
+
+The policy must have the following interface:
+
+    template<class Traits>
+    struct YourRangeCheckerPolicy
+    {
+        typedef typename Traits::argument_type argument_type ;
+
+        // Determines if the value 's' fits in the range of the Target type.
+        static range_check_result out_of_range ( argument_type s ) ;
+
+        // Checks whether the value 's' is out_of_range()
+        // and passes the result of the check to the OverflowHandler policy.
+        static void validate_range ( argument_type s )
+        {
+            OverflowHandler()( out_of_range(s) ) ;
+        }
+    } ;
+
+
+This policy is [*only] provided as a hook for user defined types which require
+range checking (which is disabled by default when a UDT is involved).
+The library provides a class: `UseInternalRangeChecker{}`; which is a ['fake]
+`RangeChecker` policy used to signal the converter to use its internal
+range checking implementation.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

doc/definitions.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+
+[section Definitions]
+
+[section Introduction]
+
+This section provides definitions of terms used in the Numeric Conversion library.
+
+[blurb [*Notation]
+[_underlined text] denotes terms defined in the C++ standard.
+
+[*bold face] denotes terms defined here but not in the standard.
+]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Types and Values]
+
+As defined by the [_C++ Object Model] (§1.7) the [_storage] or memory on which a
+C++ program runs is a contiguous sequence of [_bytes] where each byte is a
+contiguous sequence of bits.
+
+An [_object] is a region of storage (§1.8) and has a type (§3.9).
+
+A [_type] is a discrete set of values.
+
+An object of type `T` has an [_object representation] which is the sequence of
+bytes stored in the object (§3.9/4)
+
+An object of type `T` has a [_value representation] which is the set of
+bits that determine the ['value] of an object of that type (§3.9/4).
+For [_POD] types (§3.9/10), this bitset is given by the object representation,
+but not all the bits in the storage need to participate in the value
+representation (except for character types): for example, some bits might
+be used for padding or there may be trap-bits.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+The [*typed value] that is held by an object is the value which is determined
+by its value representation.
+
+An [*abstract value] (untyped) is the conceptual information that is
+represented in a type (i.e. the number π).
+
+The [*intrinsic value] of an object is the binary value of the sequence of
+unsigned characters which form its object representation.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+['Abstract] values can be [*represented] in a given type.
+
+To [*represent] an abstract value `V` in a type `T` is to obtain a typed value
+`v` which corresponds to the abstract value `V`.
+
+The operation is denoted using the `rep()` operator, as in: `v=rep(V)`.
+`v` is the [*representation] of `V` in the type `T`.
+
+For example, the abstract value π can be represented in the type
+`double` as the `double value M_PI` and in the type `int` as the
+`int value 3`
+
+__SPACE__
+
+Conversely, ['typed values] can be [*abstracted].
+
+To [*abstract] a typed value `v` of type `T` is to obtain the abstract value `V`
+whose representation in `T` is `v`.
+
+The operation is denoted using the `abt()` operator, as in: `V=abt(v)`.
+
+`V` is the [*abstraction] of `v` of type `T`.
+
+Abstraction is just an abstract operation (you can't do it); but it is
+defined nevertheless because it will be used to give the definitions in the
+rest of this document.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_cpp_arithmetic_types]
+
+[section C++ Arithmetic Types]
+
+The C++ language defines [_fundamental types] (§3.9.1). The following subsets of
+the fundamental types are intended to represent ['numbers]:
+
+[variablelist
+[[[_signed integer types] (§3.9.1/2):][
+`{signed char, signed short int, signed int, signed long int}`
+Can be used to represent general integer numbers (both negative and positive).
+]]
+[[[_unsigned integer types] (§3.9.1/3):][
+`{unsigned char, unsigned short int, unsigned int, unsigned long int}`
+Can be used to represent positive integer numbers with modulo-arithmetic.
+]]
+[[[_floating-point types] (§3.9.1/8):][
+`{float,double,long double}`
+Can be used to represent real numbers.
+]]
+[[[_integral or integer types] (§3.9.1/7):][
+`{{signed integers},{unsigned integers}, bool, char and wchar_t}`
+]]
+[[[_arithmetic types] (§3.9.1/8):][
+`{{integer types},{floating types}}`
+]]
+]
+
+The integer types are required to have a ['binary] value representation.
+
+Additionally, the signed/unsigned integer types of the same base type
+(`short`, `int` or `long`) are required to have the same value representation,
+that is:
+
+             int i = -3 ; // suppose value representation is: 10011 (sign bit + 4 magnitude bits)
+    unsigned int u =  i ; // u is required to have the same 10011 as its value representation.
+
+In other words, the integer types signed/unsigned X use the same value
+representation but a different ['interpretation] of it; that is, their
+['typed values] might differ.
+
+Another consequence of this is that the range for signed X is always a smaller
+subset of the range of unsigned X, as required by §3.9.1/3.
+
+[note
+Always remember that unsigned types, unlike signed types, have modulo-arithmetic;
+that is, they do not overflow.
+This means that:
+
+[*-] Always be extra careful when mixing signed/unsigned types
+
+[*-] Use unsigned types only when you need modulo arithmetic or very very large
+numbers. Don't use unsigned types just because you intend to deal with
+positive values only (you can do this with signed types as well).
+]
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types]
+
+[section Numeric Types]
+
+This section introduces the following definitions intended to integrate
+arithmetic types with user-defined types which behave like numbers.
+Some definitions are purposely broad in order to include a vast variety of
+user-defined number types.
+
+Within this library, the term ['number] refers to an abstract numeric value.
+
+A type is [*numeric] if:
+
+* It is an arithmetic type, or,
+* It is a user-defined type which
+    * Represents numeric abstract values (i.e. numbers).
+    * Can be converted (either implicitly or explicitly) to/from at least one arithmetic type.
+    * Has [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range range] (possibly unbounded) 
+      and [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range precision] (possibly dynamic or
+      unlimited).
+    * Provides an specialization of `std::numeric_limits`.
+
+A numeric type is [*signed] if the abstract values it represent include negative numbers.
+
+A numeric type is [*unsigned] if the abstract values it represent exclude negative numbers.
+
+A numeric type is [*modulo] if it has modulo-arithmetic (does not overflow).
+
+A numeric type is [*integer] if the abstract values it represent are whole numbers.
+
+A numeric type is [*floating] if the abstract values it represent are real numbers.
+
+An [*arithmetic value] is the typed value of an arithmetic type
+
+A [*numeric value] is the typed value of a numeric type
+
+These definitions simply generalize the standard notions of arithmetic types and
+values by introducing a superset called [_numeric]. All arithmetic types and values are
+numeric types and values, but not vice versa, since user-defined numeric types are not
+arithmetic types.
+
+The following examples clarify the differences between arithmetic and numeric
+types (and values):
+
+
+    // A numeric type which is not an arithmetic type (is user-defined)
+    // and which is intended to represent integer numbers (i.e., an 'integer' numeric type)
+    class MyInt
+    {
+        MyInt ( long long v ) ;
+        long long to_builtin();
+    } ;
+    namespace std {
+    template<> numeric_limits<MyInt> { ... } ;
+    }
+
+    // A 'floating' numeric type (double) which is also an arithmetic type (built-in),
+    // with a float numeric value.
+    double pi = M_PI ;
+
+    // A 'floating' numeric type with a whole numeric value.
+    // NOTE: numeric values are typed valued, hence, they are, for instance,
+    // integer or floating, despite the value itself being whole or including
+    // a fractional part.
+    double two = 2.0 ;
+
+    // An integer numeric type with an integer numeric value.
+    MyInt i(1234);
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_definitions_range]
+
+[section Range and Precision]
+
+Given a number set `N`, some of its elements are representable in a numeric type `T`.
+
+The set of representable values of type `T`, or numeric set of `T`, is a set of numeric
+values whose elements are the representation of some subset of `N`.
+
+For example, the interval of `int` values `[INT_MIN,INT_MAX]` is the set of representable
+values of type `int`, i.e. the `int` numeric set, and corresponds to the representation
+of the elements of the interval of abstract values `[abt(INT_MIN),abt(INT_MAX)]` from
+the integer numbers.
+
+Similarly, the interval of `double` values `[-DBL_MAX,DBL_MAX]` is the `double`
+numeric set, which corresponds to the subset of the real numbers from `abt(-DBL_MAX)` to
+`abt(DBL_MAX)`.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+Let [*`next(x)`] denote the lowest numeric value greater than x.
+
+Let [*`prev(x)`] denote the highest numeric value lower then x.
+
+Let [*`v=prev(next(V))`] and [*`v=next(prev(V))`] be identities that relate a numeric
+typed value `v` with a number `V`.
+
+An ordered pair of numeric values `x`,`y` s.t. `x<y` are [*consecutive] iff `next(x)==y`.
+
+The abstract distance between consecutive numeric values is usually referred to as a
+[_Unit in the Last Place], or [*ulp] for short. A ulp is a quantity whose abstract
+magnitude is relative to the numeric values it corresponds to: If the numeric set
+is not evenly distributed, that is, if the abstract distance between consecutive
+numeric values varies along the set -as is the case with the floating-point types-,
+the magnitude of 1ulp after the numeric value `x` might be (usually is) different
+from the magnitude of a 1ulp after the numeric value y for `x!=y`.
+
+Since numbers are inherently ordered, a [*numeric set] of type `T` is an ordered sequence
+of numeric values (of type `T`) of the form:
+
+    REP(T)={l,next(l),next(next(l)),...,prev(prev(h)),prev(h),h}
+
+where `l` and `h` are respectively the lowest and highest values of type `T`, called
+the boundary values of type `T`.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+A numeric set is discrete. It has a [*size] which is the number of numeric values in the set,
+a [*width] which is the abstract difference between the highest and lowest boundary values:
+`[abt(h)-abt(l)]`, and a [*density] which is the relation between its size and width:
+`density=size/width`.
+
+The integer types have density 1, which means that there are no unrepresentable integer
+numbers between `abt(l)` and `abt(h)` (i.e. there are no gaps). On the other hand,
+floating types have density much smaller than 1, which means that there are real numbers
+unrepresented between consecutive floating values (i.e. there are gaps).
+
+__SPACE__
+
+The interval of [_abstract values] `[abt(l),abt(h)]` is the range of the type `T`,
+denoted `R(T)`.
+
+A range is a set of abstract values and not a set of numeric values. In other
+documents, such as the C++ standard, the word `range` is ['sometimes] used as synonym
+for `numeric set`, that is, as the ordered sequence of numeric values from `l` to `h`.
+In this document, however, a range is an abstract interval which subtends the
+numeric set.
+
+For example, the sequence `[-DBL_MAX,DBL_MAX]` is the numeric set of the type
+`double`, and the real interval `[abt(-DBL_MAX),abt(DBL_MAX)]` is its range.
+
+Notice, for instance, that the range of a floating-point type is ['continuous]
+unlike its numeric set.
+
+This definition was chosen because:
+
+* [*(a)] The discrete set of numeric values is already given by the numeric set.
+* [*(b)] Abstract intervals are easier to compare and overlap since only boundary
+values need to be considered.
+
+This definition allows for a concise definition of `subranged` as given in the last section.
+
+The width of a numeric set, as defined, is exactly equivalent to the width of a range.
+
+__SPACE__
+
+The [*precision] of a type is given by the width or density of the numeric set.
+
+For integer types, which have density 1, the precision is conceptually equivalent
+to the range and is determined by the number of bits used in the value representation:
+The higher the number of bits the bigger the size of the numeric set, the wider the
+range, and the higher the precision.
+
+For floating types, which have density <<1, the precision is given not by the width
+of the range but by the density. In a typical implementation, the range is determined
+by the number of bits used in the exponent, and the precision by the number of bits
+used in the mantissa (giving the maximum number of significant digits that can be
+exactly represented). The higher the number of exponent bits the wider the range,
+while the higher the number of mantissa bits, the higher the precision.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_definitions_roundoff]
+
+[section Exact, Correctly Rounded and Out-Of-Range Representations]
+
+Given an abstract value `V` and a type `T` with its corresponding range `[abt(l),abt(h)]`:
+
+If `V < abt(l)` or `V > abt(h)`, `V` is [*not representable] (cannot be represented) in
+the type `T`, or, equivalently, it's representation in the type `T` is [*out of range],
+or [*overflows].
+
+* If `V < abt(l)`, the [*overflow is negative].
+* If `V > abt(h)`, the [*overflow is positive].
+
+If `V >= abt(l)` and `V <= abt(h)`, `V` is [*representable] (can be represented) in the
+type `T`, or, equivalently, its representation in the type `T` is [*in range], or
+[*does not overflow].
+
+Notice that a numeric type, such as a C++ unsigned type, can define that any `V` does
+not overflow by always representing not `V` itself but the abstract value
+`U = [ V % (abt(h)+1) ]`, which is always in range.
+
+Given an abstract value `V` represented in the type `T` as `v`, the [*roundoff] error
+of the representation is the abstract difference: `(abt(v)-V)`.
+
+Notice that a representation is an ['operation], hence, the roundoff error corresponds
+to the representation operation and not to the numeric value itself
+(i.e. numeric values do not have any error themselves)
+
+* If the roundoff is 0, the representation is [*exact], and `V` is exactly representable
+in the type `T`.
+* If the roundoff is not 0, the representation is [*inexact], and `V` is inexactly
+representable in the type `T`.
+
+If a representation `v` in a type `T` -either exact or inexact-, is any of the adjacents
+of `V` in that type, that is, if `v==prev` or `v==next`, the representation is
+faithfully rounded. If the choice between `prev` and `next` matches a given
+[*rounding direction], it is [*correctly rounded].
+
+All exact representations are correctly rounded, but not all inexact representations are.
+In particular, C++ requires numeric conversions (described below) and the result of
+arithmetic operations (not covered by this document) to be correctly rounded, but
+batch operations propagate roundoff, thus final results are usually incorrectly
+rounded, that is, the numeric value `r` which is the computed result is neither of
+the adjacents of the abstract value `R` which is the theoretical result.
+
+Because a correctly rounded representation is always one of adjacents of the abstract
+value being represented, the roundoff is guaranteed to be at most 1ulp.
+
+The following examples summarize the given definitions. Consider:
+
+* A numeric type `Int` representing integer numbers with a
+['numeric set]: `{-2,-1,0,1,2}` and
+['range]: `[-2,2]`
+* A numeric type `Cardinal` representing integer numbers with a
+['numeric set]: `{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}` and
+['range]: `[0,9]` (no modulo-arithmetic here)
+* A numeric type `Real` representing real numbers with a
+['numeric set]: `{-2.0,-1.5,-1.0,-0.5,-0.0,+0.0,+0.5,+1.0,+1.5,+2.0}` and
+['range]: `[-2.0,+2.0]`
+* A numeric type `Whole` representing real numbers with a
+['numeric set]: `{-2.0,-1.0,0.0,+1.0,+2.0}` and
+['range]: `[-2.0,+2.0]`
+
+First, notice that the types `Real` and `Whole` both represent real numbers,
+have the same range, but different precision.
+
+* The integer number `1` (an abstract value) can be exactly represented
+in any of these types.
+* The integer number `-1` can be exactly represented in `Int`, `Real` and `Whole`,
+but cannot be represented in `Cardinal`, yielding negative overflow.
+* The real number `1.5` can be exactly represented in `Real`, and inexactly
+represented in the other types.
+* If `1.5` is represented as either `1` or `2` in any of the types (except `Real`),
+the representation is correctly rounded.
+* If `0.5` is represented as `+1.5` in the type `Real`, it is incorrectly rounded.
+* `(-2.0,-1.5)` are the `Real` adjacents of any real number in the interval
+`[-2.0,-1.5]`, yet there are no `Real` adjacents for `x < -2.0`, nor for `x > +2.0`.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Standard (numeric) Conversions]
+
+The C++ language defines [_Standard Conversions] (§4) some of which are conversions
+between arithmetic types.
+
+These are [_Integral promotions] (§4.5), [_Integral conversions] (§4.7),
+[_Floating point promotions] (§4.6), [_Floating point conversions] (§4.8) and
+[_Floating-integral conversions] (§4.9).
+
+In the sequel, integral and floating point promotions are called [*arithmetic promotions],
+and these plus integral, floating-point and floating-integral conversions are called
+[*arithmetic conversions] (i.e, promotions are conversions).
+
+Promotions, both Integral and Floating point, are ['value-preserving], which means that
+the typed value is not changed with the conversion.
+
+In the sequel, consider a source typed value `s` of type `S`, the source abstract
+value `N=abt(s)`, a destination type `T`; and whenever possible, a result typed value
+`t` of type `T`.
+
+
+Integer to integer conversions are always defined:
+
+* If `T` is unsigned, the abstract value which is effectively represented is not
+`N` but `M=[ N % ( abt(h) + 1 ) ]`, where `h` is the highest unsigned typed
+value of type `T`.
+* If `T` is signed and `N` is not directly representable, the result `t` is
+[_implementation-defined], which means that the C++ implementation is required to
+produce a value `t` even if it is totally unrelated to `s`.
+
+
+Floating to Floating conversions are defined only if `N` is representable;
+if it is not, the conversion has [_undefined behavior].
+
+* If `N` is exactly representable, `t` is required to be the exact representation.
+* If `N` is inexactly representable, `t` is required to be one of the two
+adjacents, with an implementation-defined choice of rounding direction;
+that is, the conversion is required to be correctly rounded.
+
+
+Floating to Integer conversions represent not `N` but `M=trunc(N)`, were
+`trunc()` is to truncate: i.e. to remove the fractional part, if any.
+
+* If `M` is not representable in `T`, the conversion has [_undefined behavior]
+(unless `T` is `bool`, see §4.12).
+
+
+Integer to Floating conversions are always defined.
+
+* If `N` is exactly representable, `t` is required to be the exact representation.
+* If `N` is inexactly representable, `t` is required to be one of the
+two adjacents, with an implementation-defined choice of rounding direction;
+that is, the conversion is required to be correctly rounded.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_definitions_subranged]
+
+[section Subranged Conversion Direction, Subtype and Supertype]
+
+Given a source type `S` and a destination type `T`, there is a
+[*conversion direction] denoted: `S->T`.
+
+For any two ranges the following ['range relation] can be defined:
+A range `X` can be ['entirely contained] in a range `Y`, in which case
+it is said that `X` is enclosed by `Y`.
+
+[: [*Formally:] `R(S)` is enclosed by `R(T)` iif `(R(S) intersection R(T)) == R(S)`.]
+
+If the source type range, `R(S)`, is not enclosed in the target type range,
+`R(T)`; that is, if `(R(S) & R(T)) != R(S)`, the conversion direction is said
+to be [*subranged], which means that `R(S)` is not entirely contained in `R(T)`
+and therefore there is some portion of the source range which falls outside
+the target range. In other words, if a conversion direction `S->T` is subranged,
+there are values in `S` which cannot be represented in `T` because they are
+out of range.
+Notice that for `S->T`, the adjective subranged applies to `T`.
+
+Examples:
+
+Given the following numeric types all representing real numbers:
+
+* `X` with numeric set `{-2.0,-1.0,0.0,+1.0,+2.0}` and range `[-2.0,+2.0]`
+* `Y` with numeric set `{-2.0,-1.5,-1.0,-0.5,0.0,+0.5,+1.0,+1.5,+2.0}` and range `[-2.0,+2.0]`
+* `Z` with numeric set `{-1.0,0.0,+1.0}` and range `[-1.0,+1.0]`
+
+For:
+
+[variablelist
+[[(a) X->Y:][
+`R(X) & R(Y) == R(X)`, then `X->Y` is not subranged.
+Thus, all values of type `X` are representable in the type `Y`.
+]]
+[[(b) Y->X:][
+`R(Y) & R(X) == R(Y)`, then `Y->X` is not subranged.
+Thus, all values of type `Y` are representable in the type `X`, but in this case,
+some values are ['inexactly] representable (all the halves).
+(note: it is to permit this case that a range is an interval of abstract values and
+not an interval of typed values)
+]]
+[[(b) X->Z:][
+`R(X) & R(Z) != R(X)`, then `X->Z` is subranged.
+Thus, some values of type `X` are not representable in the type `Z`, they fall
+out of range `(-2.0 and +2.0)`.
+]]
+]
+
+It is possible that `R(S)` is not enclosed by `R(T)`, while neither is `R(T)` enclosed
+by `R(S)`; for example, `UNSIG=[0,255]` is not enclosed by `SIG=[-128,127]`;
+neither is `SIG` enclosed by `UNSIG`.
+This implies that is possible that a conversion direction is subranged both ways.
+This occurs when a mixture of signed/unsigned types are involved and indicates that
+in both directions there are values which can fall out of range.
+
+Given the range relation (subranged or not) of a conversion direction `S->T`, it
+is possible to classify `S` and `T` as [*supertype] and [*subtype]:
+If the conversion is subranged, which means that `T` cannot represent all possible
+values of type `S`, `S` is the supertype and `T` the subtype; otherwise, `T` is the
+supertype and `S` the subtype.
+
+For example:
+
+[: `R(float)=[-FLT_MAX,FLT_MAX]` and `R(double)=[-DBL_MAX,DBL_MAX]` ]
+
+If `FLT_MAX < DBL_MAX`:
+
+* `double->float` is subranged and `supertype=double`, `subtype=float`.
+* `float->double` is not subranged and `supertype=double`, `subtype=float`.
+
+Notice that while `double->float` is subranged, `float->double` is not,
+which yields the same supertype,subtype for both directions.
+
+Now consider:
+
+[: `R(int)=[INT_MIN,INT_MAX]` and `R(unsigned int)=[0,UINT_MAX]` ]
+
+A C++ implementation is required to have `UINT_MAX > INT_MAX` (§3.9/3), so:
+
+* 'int->unsigned' is subranged (negative values fall out of range)
+and `supertype=int`, `subtype=unsigned`.
+* 'unsigned->int' is ['also] subranged (high positive values fall out of range)
+and `supertype=unsigned`, `subtype=int`.
+
+In this case, the conversion is subranged in both directions and the
+supertype,subtype pairs are not invariant (under inversion of direction).
+This indicates that none of the types can represent all the values of the other.
+
+When the supertype is the same for both `S->T` and `T->S`, it is effectively
+indicating a type which can represent all the values of the subtype.
+Consequently, if a conversion `X->Y` is not subranged, but the opposite `(Y->X)` is,
+so that the supertype is always `Y`, it is said that the direction `X->Y` is [*correctly
+rounded value preserving], meaning that all such conversions are guaranteed to
+produce results in range and correctly rounded (even if inexact).
+For example, all integer to floating conversions are correctly rounded value preserving.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+
+

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+<a name="boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class"></a><a href="bounds___traits_class.html" title="bounds&lt;&gt;
+    traits class">bounds&lt;&gt;
+    traits class</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_">traits
+      class bounds&lt;N&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.introduction"></a><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        To determine the ranges of numeric types with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span></code>
+        [18.2.1], different syntax have to be used depending on numeric type. Specifically,
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">()</span></code> for
+        integral types returns the minimum finite value, whereas for floating point
+        types it returns the minimum positive normalized value. The difference in
+        semantics makes client code unnecessarily complex and error prone.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        provides a consistent interface for retrieving the maximum finite value,
+        the minimum finite value and the minimum positive normalized value (0 for
+        integral types) for numeric types. The selection of implementation is performed
+        at compile time, so there is no runtime overhead.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_"></a><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_" title="traits
+      class bounds&lt;N&gt;">traits
+      class bounds&lt;N&gt;</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">bounds</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">N</span> <span class="identifier">lowest</span>  <span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">implementation_defined</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">N</span> <span class="identifier">highest</span> <span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">implementation_defined</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">N</span> <span class="identifier">smallest</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">implementation_defined</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+<span class="special">};</span>
+</pre>
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_.members"></a><h5>
+<a name="id2626217"></a>
+        <a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_.members">Members</a>
+      </h5>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lowest</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        Returns the minimum finite value, equivalent to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">()</span></code> when
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is an integral type, and
+        to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">()</span></code> when
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is a floating point type.
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">highest</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        Returns the maximum finite value, equivalent to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">smallest</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        Returns the smallest positive normalized value for floating point types with
+        denormalization, or returns 0 for integral types.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.examples"></a><a href="bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.examples" title="Examples">Examples</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        The following example demonstrates the use of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> and the equivalent code using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span></code>:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">limits</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"numeric::bounds versus numeric_limits example.\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"The maximum value for float:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">highest</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"The minimum value for float:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">lowest</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"The smallest positive value for float:\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">smallest</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/html/boost_numericconversion/conversion_traits___traits_class.html

@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>conversion_traits&lt;&gt;
+    traits class</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="prev" href="bounds___traits_class.html" title="bounds&lt;&gt;
+    traits class">
+<link rel="next" href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html" title="Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../boost.png"></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../libraries.html">Libraries</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="bounds___traits_class.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html" title="conversion_traits&lt;&gt;
+    traits class">conversion_traits&lt;&gt;
+    traits class</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types">Types</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_int_float_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        int_float_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_sign_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        sign_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_udt_builtin_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        udt_builtin_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_int_float_mixture__">template
+        class int_float_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_sign_mixture__">template
+        class sign_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_udt_builtin_mixture__">template
+        class udt_builtin_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_is_subranged__">template
+        class is_subranged&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_conversion_traits__">template
+        class conversion_traits&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types" title="Types">Types</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_int_float_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        int_float_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_sign_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        sign_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_udt_builtin_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        udt_builtin_mixture_enum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_int_float_mixture__">template
+        class int_float_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_sign_mixture__">template
+        class sign_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_udt_builtin_mixture__">template
+        class udt_builtin_mixture&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_is_subranged__">template
+        class is_subranged&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_conversion_traits__">template
+        class conversion_traits&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_int_float_mixture_enum"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_int_float_mixture_enum"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_int_float_mixture_enum" title="enumeration
+        int_float_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        int_float_mixture_enum</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">int_float_mixture_enum</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+       <span class="identifier">integral_to_integral</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">integral_to_float</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">float_to_integral</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">float_to_float</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_sign_mixture_enum"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_sign_mixture_enum"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_sign_mixture_enum" title="enumeration
+        sign_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        sign_mixture_enum</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">sign_mixture_enum</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+   <span class="identifier">unsigned_to_unsigned</span>
+  <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">signed_to_signed</span>
+  <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">signed_to_unsigned</span>
+  <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">unsigned_to_signed</span>
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_udt_builtin_mixture_enum"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_udt_builtin_mixture_enum"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.enumeration_udt_builtin_mixture_enum" title="enumeration
+        udt_builtin_mixture_enum">enumeration
+        udt_builtin_mixture_enum</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">udt_builtin_mixture_enum</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+       <span class="identifier">builtin_to_builtin</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">builtin_to_udt</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">udt_to_builtin</span>
+      <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">udt_to_udt</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_class_int_float_mixture"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_int_float_mixture__"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_int_float_mixture__" title="template
+        class int_float_mixture&lt;&gt;">template
+        class int_float_mixture&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">int_float_mixture</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">int_float_mixture_enum</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+          Classifying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> as either integral or float, this
+          <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's Integral
+          Constant</a> indicates the combination of these attributes.
+        </p>
+<p>
+          Its <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code>
+          is of enumeration type <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_int_float_mixture_enum"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_float_mixture_enum</span></code></a>
+        </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_class_sign_mixture"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_sign_mixture__"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_sign_mixture__" title="template
+        class sign_mixture&lt;&gt;">template
+        class sign_mixture&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">sign_mixture</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">sign_mixture_enum</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+          Classifying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> as either signed or unsigned, this
+          <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's Integral
+          Constant</a> indicates the combination of these attributes.
+        </p>
+<p>
+          Its <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code>
+          is of enumeration type <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_sign_mixture_enum"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sign_mixture_enum</span></code></a>
+        </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_class_udt_builtin_mixture"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_udt_builtin_mixture__"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_udt_builtin_mixture__" title="template
+        class udt_builtin_mixture&lt;&gt;">template
+        class udt_builtin_mixture&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">udt_builtin_mixture</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">udt_builtin__mixture_enum</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+          Classifying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> as either user-defined or builtin,
+          this <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's
+          Integral Constant</a> indicates the combination of these attributes.
+        </p>
+<p>
+          Its <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code>
+          is of enumeration type <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_udt_builtin_mixture_enum"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udt_builtin_mixture_enum</span></code></a>
+        </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits_is_subranged"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_is_subranged__"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_is_subranged__" title="template
+        class is_subranged&lt;&gt;">template
+        class is_subranged&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">is_subranged</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bool_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost::numeric
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+          Indicates if the range of the target type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
+          is a subset of the range of the source type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code>.
+          That is: if there are some source values which fall out of the Target type's
+          range.
+        </p>
+<p>
+          It is a boolean <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's
+          Integral Constant</a> .
+        </p>
+<p>
+          It does not indicate if a particular conversion is effectively out of range;
+          it indicates that some conversion might be out of range because not all
+          the source values are representable as Target type.
+        </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_conversion_traits__"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types.template_class_conversion_traits__" title="template
+        class conversion_traits&lt;&gt;">template
+        class conversion_traits&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">int_float_mixture_enum</span>  <span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">int_float_mixture</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">sign_mixture_enum</span>       <span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sign_mixture</span><span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">udt_builtin_mixture_enum</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">udt_builtin_mixture</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bool_</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">subranged</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bool_</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">trivial</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">target_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">S</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">supertype</span>     <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">subtype</span>       <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace numeric, namespace boost
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+          This traits class indicates some properties of a <span class="emphasis"><em>numeric conversion</em></span>
+          direction: from a source type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code>
+          to a target type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. It
+          does not indicate the properties of a <span class="emphasis"><em>specific</em></span> conversion,
+          but of the conversion direction. See <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_subranged">Definitions</a>
+          for details.
+        </p>
+<p>
+          The traits class provides the following <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's
+          Integral Constant</a> \s of enumeration type. They express the combination
+          of certain attributes of the Source and Target types (thus they are call
+          mixture):
+        </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
+<colgroup>
+<col>
+<col>
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>int_float_mixture </strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  Same as given by the traits class <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_class_int_float_mixture">int_float_mixture</a>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>sign_mixture </strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  Same as given by the traits class <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_class_sign_mixture">sign_mixture</a>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>udt_builtin_mixture </strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  Same as given by the traits class <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_class_udt_builtin_mixture">udt_builtin_mixture</a>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p>
+          The traits class provides the following <a href="../../../../../mpl/refmanual/integral-constant.html" target="_top">MPL's
+          Integral Constant</a> \s of boolean type which indicates indirectly
+          the relation between the Source and Target ranges (see <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_range">Definitions</a>
+          for details).
+        </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
+<colgroup>
+<col>
+<col>
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  subranged
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  Same as given by <a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#numeric_conversion_traits_is_subranged">is_subranged</a>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  trivial
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  Indicates if both Source and Target, <span class="underline">without
+                  cv-qualifications</span>, are the same type.
+                </p>
+                <p>
+                  Its <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code>
+                  is of boolean type.
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p>
+          The traits class provides the following types. They are the Source and
+          Target types classified and qualified for different purposes.
+        </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
+<colgroup>
+<col>
+<col>
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+<th>
+                <p>
+                </p>
+                </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>target_type</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  The template parameter <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
+                  without cv-qualifications
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>source_type</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  The template parameter <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code>
+                  without cv-qualifications
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>argument_type</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  This type is either source_type or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span>
+                  <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>.
+                </p>
+                <p>
+                  It represents the optimal argument type for the <a href="../index.html#numeric_conversion_converter">converter</a>
+                  member functions.
+                </p>
+                <p>
+                  If S is a built-in type, this is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span></code>,
+                  otherwise, this is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span>
+                  <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>.
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>result_type</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  This type is either target_type or target_type const&amp;
+                </p>
+                <p>
+                  It represents the return type of the <a href="../index.html#numeric_conversion_converter">converter</a>
+                  member functions.
+                </p>
+                <p>
+                  If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">==</span><span class="identifier">S</span></code>, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">target_type</span>
+                  <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>,
+                  otherwise, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">target_type</span></code>.
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>supertype</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  If the conversion is subranged, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span></code>,
+                  otherwise, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">target_type</span></code>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  <span class="bold"><strong>subtype</strong></span>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+<td>
+                <p>
+                  If the conversion is subranged, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">target_type</span></code>,
+                  otherwise, it is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span></code>
+                </p>
+                </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.examples"></a><a href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.examples" title="Examples">Examples</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cassert</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">typeinfo</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="comment">// A trivial conversion.
+</span>    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">Short2Short_Traits</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">Short2Short_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">trivial</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="comment">// A subranged conversion.
+</span>    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span>  <span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_float_mixture</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_to_float</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span>  <span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sign_mixture</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unsigned_to_signed</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">supertype</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">UInt2Double_Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">subtype</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="comment">// A doubly subranged conversion.
+</span>    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
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+<title>converter&lt;&gt;
+    function object</title>
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+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
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+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html" title="converter&lt;&gt;
+    function object">converter&lt;&gt;
+    function object</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.template_parameters">Template
+      parameters</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions">Member
+      functions</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.range_checking_logic">Range
+      Checking Logic</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.synopsis"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">,</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">,</span>          <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">OverflowHandler</span>  <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">def_overflow_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Float2IntRounder</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Trunc</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="special">&gt;,</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">RawConverter</span>     <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">raw_converter</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span>
+             <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">UserRangeChecker</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">UseInternalRangeChecker</span>
+            <span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">converter</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">source_type</span>   <span class="identifier">source_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="comment">// Internal member functions:
+</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span> <span class="identifier">out_of_range</span>      <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span>               <span class="identifier">validate_range</span>    <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span>        <span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span>        <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span>         <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace numeric, boost
+</span></pre>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        is a <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/UnaryFunction.html" target="_top">Unary Function
+        Object</a> encapsulating the code to perform a numeric conversion with
+        the direction and properties specified by the Traits template parameter.
+        It can optionally take some <a href="../index.html#numeric_coversion_converter_policies">policies</a>
+        which can be used to customize its behavior. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Traits</span></code>
+        parameter is not a policy but the parameter that defines the conversion.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.template_parameters"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.template_parameters" title="Template
+      parameters">Template
+      parameters</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
+<colgroup>
+<col>
+<col>
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+              <p>
+              </p>
+              </th>
+<th>
+              <p>
+              </p>
+              </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                The <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types">Numeric
+                Type</a> which is the <span class="emphasis"><em>Target</em></span> of the conversion.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                The <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types">Numeric
+                Type</a> which is the <span class="emphasis"><em>Source</em></span> of the conversion.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Traits</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                This must be a conversion traits class with the interface of <a href="../index.html#numeric_conversion_traits"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span></code></a>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">OverflowHandler</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <span class="bold"><strong>Stateless Policy</strong></span> called to administrate
+                the result of the range checking.
+              </p>
+              <p>
+                It is a <span class="bold"><strong>Function Object</strong></span> which receives
+                the result of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and is called inside the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">validate_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+                static member function exposed by the converter.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Float2IntRounder</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <span class="bold"><strong>Stateless Policy</strong></span> which specifies
+                the rounding mode used for float to integral conversions.
+              </p>
+              <p>
+                It supplies the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nearbyint</span><span class="special">()</span></code> static member function exposed
+                by the converter.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">RawConverter</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <span class="bold"><strong>Stateless Policy</strong></span> which is used to
+                perform the actual conversion.
+              </p>
+              <p>
+                It supplies the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code> static member function exposed
+                by the converter.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">UserRangeChecker</span></code>
+              </p>
+              </td>
+<td>
+              <p>
+                <span class="emphasis"><em>Special and Optional</em></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Stateless
+                Policy</strong></span> which can be used to override the internal range
+                checking logic.
+              </p>
+              <p>
+                If given, supplies alternative code for the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">validate_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code> static member functions exposed
+                by the converter.
+              </p>
+              </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions" title="Member
+      functions">Member
+      functions</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span>
+            <span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">convert</span> <span class="special">(</span>
+            <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
+            <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="comment">// throw </span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        This static member function converts an rvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">source_type</span></code>
+        to an rvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">target_type</span></code>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        If the conversion requires it, it performs a range checking before the conversion
+        and passes the result of the check to the overflow handler policy (the default
+        policy throws an exception if out-of-range is detected)
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The implementation of this function is actually built from the policies and
+        is basically as follows:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">convert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="identifier">validate_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// Implemented by the internal range checking logic
+</span>                       <span class="comment">// (which also calls the OverflowHandler policy)
+</span>                       <span class="comment">// or externally supplied by the UserRangeChecker policy.
+</span>
+    <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// Externally supplied by the Float2IntRounder policy.
+</span>                      <span class="comment">// NOTE: This is actually called only for float to int conversions.
+</span>
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// Externally supplied by the RawConverter policy.
+</span><span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span></code> just calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span>
+            <span class="identifier">numeric_converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span> <span class="special">(</span>
+            <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
+            <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        This <a href="converter___function_object.html#numeric_conversion_converter_internal">internal</a>
+        static member function determines if the value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>
+        can be represented by the target type without overflow.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        It does not determine if the conversion is <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span>; that
+        is, it does not detect <span class="emphasis"><em>inexact</em></span> conversions, only <span class="emphasis"><em>out-of-range</em></span>
+        conversions (see the <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_roundoff">Definitions</a>
+        for further details).
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The return value is of enum type <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_converter_policies_range_check_result"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">range_check_result</span></code></a>
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The actual code for the range checking logic is optimized for the combined
+        properties of the source and target types. For example, a non-subranged conversion
+        (i.e: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>-&gt;<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">float</span></code>), requires no range checking, so <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+        returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cInRange</span></code> directly.
+        See the following <a href="converter___function_object.html#numeric_conversion_converter_range_checking_logic">table</a>
+        for more details.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        If the user supplied a <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker">UserRangeChecker</a>
+        policy, is this policy which implements this function, so the implementation
+        is user defined, although it is expected to perform the same conceptual check
+        and return the appropriate result.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span>
+            <span class="identifier">numeric_converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">validate_range</span> <span class="special">(</span>
+            <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
+            <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="comment">// no throw </span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        This <a href="converter___function_object.html#numeric_conversion_converter_internal">internal</a>
+        static member function calls out_of_range(s), and passes the result to the
+        <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler">OverflowHandler</a>
+        policy class.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        For those Target/Source combinations which don't require range checking,
+        this is an empty inline function.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        If the user supplied a <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker">UserRangeChecker</a>
+        policy, is this policy which implements this function, so the implementation
+        is user defined, although it is expected to perform the same action as the
+        default. In particular, it is expected to pass the result of the check to
+        the overflow handler.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span>
+            <span class="identifier">numeric_converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span> <span class="special">(</span>
+            <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
+            <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        This <a href="converter___function_object.html#numeric_conversion_converter_internal">internal</a>
+        static member function performs the actual conversion.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        This function is externally supplied by the <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter">RawConverter</a>
+        policy class.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
+      </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span>
+            <span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span>
+            <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
+            <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</blockquote></div>
+<p>
+        This <a href="converter___function_object.html#numeric_conversion_converter_internal">internal</a>
+        static member function, which is <span class="underline">only used</span>
+        for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">float</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
+        conversions, returns an <span class="emphasis"><em>integer</em></span> value of <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="underline">floating-point type</span></em></span> according to some
+        rounding direction.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        This function is externally supplied by the <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder">Float2IntRounder</a>
+        policy class which encapsulates the specific rounding mode.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
+      </p>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_converter_internal"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions.internal_member_functions"></a><h5>
+<a name="id2623952"></a>
+        <a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions.internal_member_functions">Internal
+        Member Functions</a>
+      </h5>
+<p>
+        These static member functions build the actual conversion code used by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
+        The user does not have to call these if calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code> calls them infernally, but they can be
+        called separately for specific needs.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_converter_range_checking_logic"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.range_checking_logic"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.range_checking_logic" title="Range
+      Checking Logic">Range
+      Checking Logic</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        The following table summarizes the internal range checking logic performed
+        for each combination of the properties of Source and Target.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        LowestT/HighestT denotes the highest and lowest values of the Target type,
+        respectively.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">)</span></code> is short
+        for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">)</span></code> (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">S</span></code> denotes the Source type).
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">NONE</span></code> indicates that for this
+        case there is no range checking.
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting"><code class="literal">
+int_to_int    |--&gt; sig_to_sig     |--&gt; subranged     |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(LowestT) ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--&gt; not subranged |--&gt; NONE
+              |
+              |--&gt; unsig_to_unsig |--&gt; subranged     |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(LowestT) ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--&gt; not subranged |--&gt; NONE
+              |
+              |--&gt; sig_to_unsig   |--&gt; pos subranged     |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(0) ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--&gt; not pos subranged |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(0) )
+              |
+              |--&gt; unsig_to_sig   |--&gt; subranged     |--&gt; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT) )
+              |                   |--&gt; not subranged |--&gt; NONE
+</code>
+<code class="literal">
+int_to_float   |--&gt; NONE
+</code>
+<code class="literal">
+float_to_int   |--&gt; round_to_zero         |--&gt; ( s &gt;  S(LowestT)-S(1)   ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;  S(HighestT)+S(1)   )
+               |--&gt; round_to_even_nearest |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(LowestT)-S(0.5) ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;  S(HighestT)+S(0.5) )
+               |--&gt; round_to_infinity     |--&gt; ( s &gt;  S(LowestT)-S(1)   ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT)        )
+               |--&gt; round_to_neg_infinity |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(LowestT)        ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;  S(HighestT)+S(1)   )
+</code>
+<code class="literal">
+float_to_float |--&gt; subranged     |--&gt; ( s &gt;= S(LowestT) ) &amp;&amp; ( s &lt;= S(HighestT) )
+               |--&gt; not subranged |--&gt; NONE
+</code>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.examples"></a><a href="converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.examples" title="Examples">Examples</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cassert</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">Double2Int</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Double2Int</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
+    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">);</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Double2Int</span><span class="special">()(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// As a function object.
+</span>    <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// The default rounding is trunc.
+</span>
+    <span class="keyword">try</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">m</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bounds</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">highest</span><span class="special">();</span>
+        <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Double2Int</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// By default throws positive_overflow()
+</span>    <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">catch</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="definitions.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/html/boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Improved
+    numeric_cast&lt;&gt;</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="prev" href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html" title="Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes">
+<link rel="next" href="../numeric_conversion/history_and_acknowledgments.html" title="History
+    and Acknowledgments">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../boost.png"></td>
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+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
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+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="../numeric_conversion/history_and_acknowledgments.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__"></a><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html" title="Improved
+    numeric_cast&lt;&gt;">Improved
+    numeric_cast&lt;&gt;</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.numeric_cast">numeric_cast</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.introduction"></a><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        The lack of preservation of range makes conversions between numeric types
+        error prone. This is true for both implicit conversions and explicit conversions
+        (through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span></code>). <a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#numeric_conversion_numeric_cast"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span></code></a>
+        detects loss of range when a numeric type is converted, and throws an exception
+        if the range cannot be preserved.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        There are several situations where conversions are unsafe:
+      </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+          Conversions from an integral type with a wider range than the target integral
+          type.
+        </li>
+<li>
+          Conversions from unsigned to signed (and vice versa) integral types.
+        </li>
+<li>
+          Conversions from floating point types to integral types.
+        </li>
+</ul></div>
+<p>
+        The C++ Standard does not specify the behavior when a numeric type is assigned
+        a value that cannot be represented by the type, except for unsigned integral
+        types [3.9.1.4], which must obey the laws of arithmetic modulo 2n (this implies
+        that the result will be reduced modulo the number that is one greater than
+        the largest value that can be represented). The fact that the behavior for
+        overflow is undefined for all conversions (except the aforementioned unsigned
+        to unsigned) makes any code that may produce positive or negative overflows
+        exposed to portability issues.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span></code> adheres to the
+        rules for implicit conversions mandated by the C++ Standard, such as truncating
+        floating point types when converting to integral types. The implementation
+        must guarantee that for a conversion to a type that can hold all possible
+        values of the source type, there will be no runtime overhead.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_numeric_cast"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.numeric_cast"></a><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.numeric_cast" title="numeric_cast">numeric_cast</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span>
+<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">result_type</span>
+<span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">Source</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">);</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span></code> returns the
+        result of converting a value of type Source to a value of type Target. If
+        out-of-range is detected, an exception is thrown (see <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_bad_numeric_cast">bad_numeric_cast</a>,
+        <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_negative_overflow">negative_overflow</a>
+        and <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_possitive_overflow">positive_overflow</a>
+        ).
+      </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.examples"></a><a href="improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.examples" title="Examples">Examples</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        The following example performs some typical conversions between numeric types:
+      </p>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
+<li>
+          include &lt;boost/numeric/conversion/cast.hpp&gt;
+        </li>
+<li>
+          include &lt;iostream&gt;
+        </li>
+</ol></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span><span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">negative_overflow</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">try</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">short</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// This conversion succeeds (is in range)
+</span>    <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">negative_overflow</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">();</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">();</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">try</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">=-</span><span class="number">42.1234</span><span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="comment">// This will cause a boost::numeric::negative_overflow exception to be thrown
+</span>        <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">();</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// int -&gt; double
+</span>
+    <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">();</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">try</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="comment">// This will cause a boost::numeric::positive_overflow exception to be thrown
+</span>        <span class="comment">// NOTE: *operations* on unsigned integral types cannot cause overflow
+</span>        <span class="comment">// but *conversions* to a signed type ARE range checked by numeric_cast.
+</span>
+        <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">);</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">();</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="../numeric_conversion/history_and_acknowledgments.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<html>
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes</title>
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+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="improved_numeric_cast__.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html" title="Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes">Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.enum_range_check_result">enum
+      range_check_result</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_overflowhandler">Policy
+      OverflowHandler</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder">Policy
+      Float2IntRounder</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_rawconverter">Policy
+      RawConverter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_userrangechecker">Policy
+      UserRangeChecker</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_converter_policies_range_check_result"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.enum_range_check_result"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.enum_range_check_result" title="enum
+      range_check_result">enum
+      range_check_result</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">cInRange</span>     <span class="special">,</span>
+        <span class="identifier">cNegOverflow</span> <span class="special">,</span>
+        <span class="identifier">cPosOverflow</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        Defines the values returned by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+      </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_overflowhandler"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_overflowhandler" title="Policy
+      OverflowHandler">Policy
+      OverflowHandler</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        This <span class="emphasis"><em>stateless</em></span> non-template policy class must be a
+        <span class="emphasis"><em>function object</em></span> and is called to administrate the result
+        of the range checking. It can throw an exception if overflow has been detected
+        by the range checking as indicated by its argument. If it throws, is is recommended
+        that it be <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_cast</span></code> or derived.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        It must have the following interface (it does not has to be a template class):
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">YourOverflowHandlerPolicy</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">range_check_result</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// throw bad_cast or derived
+</span><span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        It is called with the result of the converter's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code> inside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">validate_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        These are the two overflow handler classes provided by the library:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">def_overflow_handler</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// throw bad_numeric_conversion derived
+</span>        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">cNegOverflow</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+                <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="identifier">negative_overflow</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">cPosOverflow</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+                <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">silent_overflow_handler</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// no-throw
+</span>        <span class="special">{}</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        And these are the Exception Classes thrown by the default overflow handler
+        <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler_important_note">(see
+        IMPORTANT note)</a>
+      </p>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_bad_numeric_cast"></a><a name="numeric_conversion_negative_overflow"></a><a name="numeric_conversion_possitive_overflow"></a><pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    
+    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_cast</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
+        <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="comment">// throw()
+</span>        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"bad numeric conversion: overflow"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+
+    <span class="special">};</span>
+
+    
+    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">negative_overflow</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
+        <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="comment">// throw()
+</span>        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"bad numeric conversion: negative overflow"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="special">};</span>
+
+    
+    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">positive_overflow</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
+        <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="comment">// throw()
+</span>        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"bad numeric conversion: positive overflow"</span><span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="special">};</span>
+
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler_important_note"></a><p>
+      </p>
+<div class="important"><table border="0" summary="Important">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Important]" src="../images/important.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Important</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            <span class="bold"><strong>RELEASE NOTE for 1.33</strong></span> Previous to boost
+            version 1.33, the exception class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span></code>
+            was named <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bad_numeric_conversion</span></code>.
+            However, in 1.33, the old function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cast</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
+            was completly replaced by the new <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cast</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
+            (and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cast</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> is including <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">numeric</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">conversion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cast</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
+            now). That old function which existed in boost for quite some time used
+            the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bad_numeric_cast</span></code>
+            as its exception type so I decided to avoid backward compatibility problems
+            by adopting it (guessing that the user base for the old code is wider
+            than for the new code).
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder" title="Policy
+      Float2IntRounder">Policy
+      Float2IntRounder</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        This <span class="emphasis"><em>stateless</em></span> template policy class specifies the rounding
+        mode used for <span class="underline">float to integral</span> conversions.
+        It supplies the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nearbyint</span><span class="special">()</span></code> static member function exposed by the converter,
+        which means that it <span class="underline">publicly inherits from this
+        policy</span>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The policy must have the following interface:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">YourFloat2IntRounderPolicy</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">S</span>               <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="special">{</span><span class="identifier">S</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="identifier">S</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;}</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">float_round_style</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">round_</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">round_style</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        These are the rounder classes provided by the library (only the specific
+        parts are shown, see the general policy form above)
+      </p>
+<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Note</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
+<p>
+          </p>
+<p>
+            These classes are not intended to be general purpose rounding functions
+            but specific policies for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>. This is why they are not function
+            objects.
+          </p>
+<p>
+        </p>
+</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Trunc</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">floor</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ceil</span>  <span class="special">;</span>
+
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">?</span> <span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">ceil</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">float_round_style</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">round_toward_zero</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">round_style</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">RoundEven</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">impl</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">defined</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">float_round_style</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">round_to_nearest</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">round_style</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Ceil</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ceil</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">ceil</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">float_round_style</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">round_toward_infinity</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">round_style</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Floor</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">source_type</span> <span class="identifier">nearbyint</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">floor</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">float_round_style</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">round_toward_neg_infinity</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">round_style</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace numeric, namespace boost
+</span></pre>
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder.math_functions_used_by_the_rounder_policies"></a><h5>
+<a name="id2633882"></a>
+        <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder.math_functions_used_by_the_rounder_policies">Math
+        Functions used by the rounder policies</a>
+      </h5>
+<p>
+        The rounder policies supplied by this header use math functions <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+        and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ceil</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
+        The standard versions of these functions are introduced in context by a using
+        directive, so in normal conditions, the standard functions will be used.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        However, if there are other visible corresponding overloads an ambiguity
+        could arise. In this case, the user can supply her own rounder policy which
+        could, for instance, use a fully qualified call.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        This technique allows the default rounder policies to be used directly with
+        user defined types. The user only requires that suitable overloads of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+        and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ceil</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+        be visible. See also <a href="../index.html#numeric_conversion_requirements">User
+        Defined Numeric Types</a> support.
+      </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_rawconverter"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_rawconverter" title="Policy
+      RawConverter">Policy
+      RawConverter</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        This <span class="emphasis"><em>stateless</em></span> template policy class is used to perform
+        the actual conversion from Source to Target. It supplies the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
+        static member function exposed by the converter, which means that it publicly
+        inherits from this policy.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The policy must have the following interface:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">YourRawConverterPolicy</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">impl</span> <span class="identifier">defined</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        This policy is mostly provided as a hook for user defined types which don't
+        support <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        conversions to some types
+      </p>
+<p>
+        This is the only raw converter policy class provided by the library:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">numeric</span> <span class="special">{</span>
+
+    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">raw_numeric_converter</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="identifier">result_type</span>   <span class="special">;</span>
+        <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+        <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">low_level_convert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+        <span class="special">{</span>
+            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> 
+        <span class="special">}</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_userrangechecker"></a><a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_userrangechecker" title="Policy
+      UserRangeChecker">Policy
+      UserRangeChecker</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        This <span class="emphasis"><em>stateless</em></span> template policy class is used <span class="underline">only if supplied</span> to <span class="bold"><strong>override</strong></span>
+        the internal range checking logic.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        It supplies the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">validate_range</span><span class="special">()</span></code> static member function exposed by the converter,
+        which means that it publicly inherits from this policy.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The policy must have the following interface:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">YourRangeCheckerPolicy</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="comment">// Determines if the value 's' fits in the range of the Target type.
+</span>    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">range_check_result</span> <span class="identifier">out_of_range</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+
+    <span class="comment">// Checks whether the value 's' is out_of_range()
+</span>    <span class="comment">// and passes the result of the check to the OverflowHandler policy.
+</span>    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">validate_range</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span>
+    <span class="special">{</span>
+        <span class="identifier">OverflowHandler</span><span class="special">()(</span> <span class="identifier">out_of_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+    <span class="special">}</span>
+<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        This policy is <span class="bold"><strong>only</strong></span> provided as a hook for
+        user defined types which require range checking (which is disabled by default
+        when a UDT is involved). The library provides a class: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">UseInternalRangeChecker</span><span class="special">{}</span></code>; which is a <span class="emphasis"><em>fake</em></span>
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">RangeChecker</span></code> policy used
+        to signal the converter to use its internal range checking implementation.
+      </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="conversion_traits___traits_class.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="improved_numeric_cast__.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/html/boost_numericconversion/type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Type
+    Requirements and User-defined-types support</title>
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+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support"></a><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html" title="Type
+    Requirements and User-defined-types support">Type
+    Requirements and User-defined-types support</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc"><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.type_requirements">Type
+      Requirements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics">UDT's
+      special semantics</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.special_policies">Special
+      Policies</a></span></dt>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.type_requirements"></a><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.type_requirements" title="Type
+      Requirements">Type
+      Requirements</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        Both arithmetic (built-in) and user-defined numeric types require proper
+        specialization of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        (that is, with (in-class) integral constants).
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The library uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">is_specialized</span></code> to detect whether the type
+        is builtin or user defined, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">is_integer</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">is_signed</span></code> to detect whether the type is
+        integer or floating point; and whether it is signed/unsigned.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The default <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Float2IntRounder</span></code>
+        policies uses unqualified calls to functions <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ceil</span><span class="special">()</span></code>; but the standard functions are introduced
+        in scope by a using directive:
+      </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">floor</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">floor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
+</pre>
+<p>
+        Therefore, for builtin arithmetic types, the std functions will be used.
+        User defined types should provide overloaded versions of these functions
+        in order to use the default rounder policies. If these overloads are defined
+        within a user namespace argument dependent lookup (ADL) should find them,
+        but if your compiler has a weak ADL you might need to put these functions
+        some place else or write your own rounder policy.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The default <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Trunc</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        rounder policy needs to determine if the source value is positive or not,
+        and for this it evaluates the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span>
+        <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span></code>. Therefore,
+        user defined types require a visible <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span></code> in order to use the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Trunc</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> policy (the default).
+      </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics"></a><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics" title="UDT's
+      special semantics">UDT's
+      special semantics</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics.conversion_traits"></a><h5>
+<a name="id2625220"></a>
+        <a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics.conversion_traits">Conversion
+        Traits</a>
+      </h5>
+<p>
+        If a User Defined Type is involved in a conversion, it is <span class="emphasis"><em>assumed</em></span>
+        that the UDT has <a href="definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_range">wider
+        range</a> than any built-in type, and consequently the values of some
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">converter_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        members are hardwired regardless of the reality. The following table summarizes
+        this:
+      </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>UDT</em></span>
+          and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>built-in</em></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="keyword">false</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">supertype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Target</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subtype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Source</span></code></li>
+</ul></div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>built-in</em></span>
+          and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>UDT</em></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="keyword">true</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">supertype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Source</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subtype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Target</span></code></li>
+</ul></div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>UDT</em></span>
+          and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Source</span><span class="special">=</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>UDT</em></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subranged</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="keyword">false</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">supertype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Target</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">subtype</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">Source</span></code></li>
+</ul></div>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+<p>
+        The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Traits</span></code> member <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">udt_mixture</span></code> can be used to detect whether
+        a UDT is involved and to infer the validity of the other members as shown
+        above.
+      </p>
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics.range_checking"></a><h5>
+<a name="id2625640"></a>
+        <a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics.range_checking">Range
+        Checking</a>
+      </h5>
+<p>
+        Because User Defined Numeric Types might have peculiar ranges (such as an
+        unbounded range), this library does not attempt to supply a meaningful range
+        checking logic when UDTs are involved in a conversion. Therefore, if either
+        Target or Source are not built-in types, the bundled range checking of the
+        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        function object is automatically disabled. However, it is possible to supply
+        a user-defined range-checker. See <a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#numeric_conversion_requirements_hooks">Special
+        Policies</a>
+      </p>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_requirements_hooks"></a><p>
+    </p>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.special_policies"></a><a href="type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.special_policies" title="Special
+      Policies">Special
+      Policies</a>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>
+        There are two components of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> class that might require special
+        behavior if User Defined Numeric Types are involved: the Range Checking and
+        the Raw Conversion.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        When both Target and Source are built-in types, the converter class uses
+        an internal range checking logic which is optimized and customized for the
+        combined properties of the types.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        However, this internal logic is disabled when either type is User Defined.
+        In this case, the user can specify an <span class="emphasis"><em>external</em></span> range
+        checking policy which will be used in place of the internal code. See <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker">UserRangeChecker</a>
+        policy for details.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        The converter class performs the actual conversion using a Raw Converter
+        policy. The default raw converter simply performs a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Target</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">source</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
+      </p>
+<p>
+        However, if the a UDT is involved, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span></code>
+        might not work. In this case, the user can implement and pass a different
+        raw converter policy. See <a href="numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter">RawConverter</a>
+        policy for details
+      </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="converter___function_object.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="bounds___traits_class.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

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@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
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doc/html/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="next" href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html" title="Definitions">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../boost.png"></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="libraries.html">Libraries</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html"><img src="images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
+<div class="chapter" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div>
+<div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="numeric_conversion"></a>Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion</h2></div>
+<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
+<span class="firstname">Fernando Luis</span> <span class="surname">Cacciola Carballal</span>
+</h3></div></div>
+<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</p></div>
+<div><div class="legalnotice">
+<a name="id2604797"></a><p>
+        Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+        file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
+      </p>
+</div></div>
+</div></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#numeric_conversion.overview">Overview</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html">Definitions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.types_and_values">Types
+      and Values</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.c___arithmetic_types">C++
+      Arithmetic Types</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.numeric_types">Numeric
+      Types</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.range_and_precision">Range
+      and Precision</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.exact__correctly_rounded_and_out_of_range_representations">Exact,
+      Correctly Rounded and Out-Of-Range Representations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.standard__numeric__conversions">Standard
+      (numeric) Conversions</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#boost_numericconversion.definitions.subranged_conversion_direction__subtype_and_supertype">Subranged
+      Conversion Direction, Subtype and Supertype</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html">converter&lt;&gt;
+    function object</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.template_parameters">Template
+      parameters</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.member_functions">Member
+      functions</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.range_checking_logic">Range
+      Checking Logic</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/converter___function_object.html#boost_numericconversion.converter___function_object.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html">Type
+    Requirements and User-defined-types support</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.type_requirements">Type
+      Requirements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.udt_s_special_semantics">UDT's
+      special semantics</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.html#boost_numericconversion.type_requirements_and_user_defined_types_support.special_policies">Special
+      Policies</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/bounds___traits_class.html">bounds&lt;&gt;
+    traits class</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.traits_class_bounds_n_">traits
+      class bounds&lt;N&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/bounds___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.bounds___traits_class.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/conversion_traits___traits_class.html">conversion_traits&lt;&gt;
+    traits class</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.types">Types</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/conversion_traits___traits_class.html#boost_numericconversion.conversion_traits___traits_class.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html">Numeric
+    Converter Policy Classes</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.enum_range_check_result">enum
+      range_check_result</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_overflowhandler">Policy
+      OverflowHandler</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_float2introunder">Policy
+      Float2IntRounder</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_rawconverter">Policy
+      RawConverter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#boost_numericconversion.numeric_converter_policy_classes.policy_userrangechecker">Policy
+      UserRangeChecker</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html">Improved
+    numeric_cast&lt;&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.numeric_cast">numeric_cast</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html#boost_numericconversion.improved_numeric_cast__.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_conversion/history_and_acknowledgments.html">History
+    and Acknowledgments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="numeric_conversion/bibliography.html">Bibliography</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="numeric_conversion.overview"></a><a href="index.html#numeric_conversion.overview" title="Overview">Overview</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>
+      The Boost Numeric Conversion library is a collection of tools to describe and
+      perform conversions between values of different <a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types">numeric
+      types</a>.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      The library includes a special alternative for a subset of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>, the <a href="index.html#numeric_conversion_bounds">bounds&lt;&gt;</a>
+      traits class, which provides a consistent way to obtain the <a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_range">boundary</a>
+      values for the <a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_range">range</a>
+      of a numeric type.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      It also includes a set of <a href="index.html#numeric_conversion_traits">trait classes</a>
+      which describes the compile-time properties of a conversion from a source to
+      a target numeric type. Both <a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#numeric_conversion_cpp_arithmetic_types">arithmetic</a>
+      and <a href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html#numeric_conversion_definitions_numeric_types">user-defined
+      numeric types</a> can be used.
+    </p>
+<p>
+      A policy-based <a href="index.html#numeric_conversion_converter">converter</a>
+      object which uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">conversion_traits</span></code>
+      to select an optimized implementation is supplied. Such implementation uses
+      an optimal range checking code suitable for the source/target combination.
+    </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+        The converter's out-of-range behavior can be customized via an <a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_overflow_handler">OverflowHandler</a>
+        policy.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        For floating-point to integral conversions, the rounding mode can be selected
+        via the <a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_float_to_int_rounder">Float2IntRounder</a>
+        policy.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        A custom low-level conversion routine (for UDTs for instance) can be passed
+        via a <a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter">RawConverter</a>
+        policy.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        The optimized automatic range-checking logic can be overridden via a <a href="boost_numericconversion/numeric_converter_policy_classes.html#numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker">UserRangeChecker</a>
+        policy.
+      </li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_converter"></a><p>
+  </p>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_requirements"></a><p>
+  </p>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_bounds"></a><p>
+  </p>
+<a name="numeric_conversion_traits"></a><p>
+  </p>
+<a name="numeric_coversion_converter_policies"></a><p>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: June 04, 2007 at 03:08:57 GMT</p></small></td>
+<td align="right"><small></small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="boost_numericconversion/definitions.html"><img src="images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/html/numeric_conversion/bibliography.html

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+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>Bibliography</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="prev" href="history_and_acknowledgments.html" title="History
+    and Acknowledgments">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../boost.png"></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
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+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="history_and_acknowledgments.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="numeric_conversion.bibliography"></a><a href="bibliography.html" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+        Standard Documents:
+        <div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
+<li>
+            ISO/IEC 14882:98 (C++98 Standard)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C99 Standard)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ISO/IEC 10967-1 (Language Independent Arithmetic (LIA), Part I, 1994)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993 (Information Technology - Vocabulary - Part I: Fundamental
+            Terms)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ANSI/IEEE 754-1985 [and IEC 60559:1989] (Binary floating-point)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ANSI/IEEE 854-1988 (Radix Independent floating-point)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ANSI X3/TR-1-82 (Dictionary for Information Processing Systems)
+          </li>
+<li>
+            ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14/N753 C9X Revision Proposal: LIA-1 Binding: Rationale
+          </li>
+</ol></div>
+</li>
+<li>
+        Papers:
+        <div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
+<li>
+            David Goldberg What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point
+            Arithmetic
+          </li>
+<li>
+            Prof. William Kahan papers on floating-point.
+          </li>
+</ol></div>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="history_and_acknowledgments.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/html/numeric_conversion/history_and_acknowledgments.html

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+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>History
+    and Acknowledgments</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.70.1">
+<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. Boost.NumericConversion">
+<link rel="prev" href="../boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html" title="Improved
+    numeric_cast&lt;&gt;">
+<link rel="next" href="bibliography.html" title="Bibliography">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../boost.png"></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../libraries.html">Libraries</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="../boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="bibliography.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+<div class="section" lang="en">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="numeric_conversion.history_and_acknowledgments"></a><a href="history_and_acknowledgments.html" title="History
+    and Acknowledgments">History
+    and Acknowledgments</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion.history_and_acknowledgments.pre_formal_review"></a><h4>
+<a name="id2636340"></a>
+      <a href="history_and_acknowledgments.html#numeric_conversion.history_and_acknowledgments.pre_formal_review">Pre-formal
+      review</a>
+    </h4>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+        Kevlin Henney, with help from David Abrahams and Beman Dawes, originally
+        contributed the previous version of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> which already presented the idea
+        of a runtime range check.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        Later, Eric Ford, Kevin Lynch and the author spotted some genericity problems
+        with that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        which prevented it from being used in a generic layer of math functions.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        An improved <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> which properly handled all combinations
+        of arithmetic types was presented.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        David Abrahams and Beman Dawes acknowledged the need of an improved version
+        of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
+        and supported the submission as originally laid out. Daryl Walker and Darin
+        Adler made some important comments and proposed fixes to the original submission.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        Special thanks go to Björn Karlsoon who helped the author considerably.
+        Having found the problems with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> himself, he revised very carefully
+        the original submission and spot a subtle bug in the range checking implementation.
+        He also wrote part of this documentation and proof-read and corrected other
+        parts. And most importantly: the features now presented here in this library
+        evolved from the original submission as a result of the useful private communications
+        between Björn and the author.
+      </li>
+</ul></div>
+<a name="numeric_conversion.history_and_acknowledgments.post_formal_review"></a><h4>
+<a name="id2636492"></a>
+      <a href="history_and_acknowledgments.html#numeric_conversion.history_and_acknowledgments.post_formal_review">Post-formal
+      review</a>
+    </h4>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
+<li>
+        Guillaume Melquiond spoted some documentation and code issues, particularly
+        about rounding conversions.
+      </li>
+<li>
+        The following people contributed an important review of the design, documentation
+        and c ode: Kevin Lynch, Thorsten Ottosen, Paul Bristow, Daryle Walker, Jhon
+        Torjo, Eric Ford, Gennadiy Rozental.
+      </li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"></td>
+<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2004 -2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</small></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav">
+<a accesskey="p" href="../boost_numericconversion/improved_numeric_cast__.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="bibliography.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/numeric_cast.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[section  Improved numeric_cast<>]
+
+[section Introduction]
+
+The lack of preservation of range makes conversions between numeric types
+error prone. This is true for both implicit conversions and explicit
+conversions (through `static_cast`).
+[link numeric_conversion_numeric_cast `numeric_cast`]
+detects loss of range when a numeric type is converted, and throws an
+exception if the range cannot be preserved.
+
+There are several situations where conversions are unsafe:
+
+* Conversions from an integral type with a wider range than the target integral type.
+* Conversions from unsigned to signed (and vice versa) integral types.
+* Conversions from floating point types to integral types.
+
+The C++ Standard does not specify the behavior when a numeric type is
+assigned a value that cannot be represented by the type, except for unsigned
+integral types \[3.9.1.4\], which must obey the laws of arithmetic modulo 2n
+(this implies that the result will be reduced modulo the number that is one
+greater than the largest value that can be represented). The fact that the
+behavior for overflow is undefined for all conversions (except the
+aforementioned unsigned to unsigned) makes any code that may produce
+positive or negative overflows exposed to portability issues.
+
+`numeric_cast` adheres to the rules for implicit conversions mandated by
+the C++ Standard, such as truncating floating point types when converting
+to integral types. The implementation must guarantee that for a conversion
+to a type that can hold all possible values of the source type, there will
+be no runtime overhead.
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_numeric_cast]
+
+[section numeric_cast]
+
+    template<typename Target, typename Source> inline
+    typename boost::numeric::converter<Target,Source>::result_type
+    numeric_cast ( Source arg )
+    {
+        return boost::numeric::converter<Target,Source>::convert(arg);
+    }
+
+`numeric_cast` returns the result of converting a value of type Source
+to a value of type Target. If out-of-range is detected, an exception is
+thrown (see 
+[link numeric_conversion_bad_numeric_cast bad_numeric_cast],
+[link numeric_conversion_negative_overflow negative_overflow] and
+[link numeric_conversion_possitive_overflow positive_overflow]
+).
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section Examples]
+
+The following example performs some typical conversions between numeric types:
+
+#include <boost/numeric/conversion/cast.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+    int main()
+    {
+        using boost::numeric_cast;
+
+        using boost::numeric::bad_numeric_cast;
+        using boost::numeric::positive_overflow;
+        using boost::numeric::negative_overflow;
+
+        try
+        {
+            int i=42;
+            short s=numeric_cast<short>(i); // This conversion succeeds (is in range)
+        }
+        catch(negative_overflow& e) {
+            std::cout << e.what();
+        }
+        catch(positive_overflow& e) {
+            std::cout << e.what();
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            float f=-42.1234;
+
+            // This will cause a boost::numeric::negative_overflow exception to be thrown
+            unsigned int i=numeric_cast<unsigned int>(f);
+        }
+        catch(bad_numeric_cast& e) {
+            std::cout << e.what();
+        }
+
+        double d= f + numeric_cast<double>(123); // int -> double
+
+        unsigned long l=std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max();
+
+        try
+        {
+            // This will cause a boost::numeric::positive_overflow exception to be thrown
+            // NOTE: *operations* on unsigned integral types cannot cause overflow
+            // but *conversions* to a signed type ARE range checked by numeric_cast.
+
+            unsigned char c=numeric_cast<unsigned char>(l);
+        }
+        catch(positive_overflow& e) {
+            std::cout << e.what();
+        }
+
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]

doc/requirements.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+[/
+    Boost.Optional
+
+    Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+    http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_requirements]
+
+[section Type Requirements and User-defined-types support]
+
+[section Type Requirements]
+
+Both arithmetic (built-in) and user-defined numeric types require proper
+specialization of `std::numeric_limits<>` (that is, with (in-class) integral
+constants).
+
+The library uses `std::numeric_limits<T>::is_specialized` to detect whether
+the type is builtin or user defined, and `std::numeric_limits<T>::is_integer`,
+`std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed` to detect whether the type is integer
+or floating point; and whether it is signed/unsigned.
+
+The default `Float2IntRounder` policies uses unqualified calls to functions
+`floor()` and `ceil()`; but the standard functions are introduced in scope
+by a using directive:
+
+    using std::floor ; return floor(s);
+
+Therefore, for builtin arithmetic types, the std functions will be used.
+User defined types should provide overloaded versions of these functions in
+order to use the default rounder policies. If these overloads are defined
+within a user namespace argument dependent lookup (ADL) should find them,
+but if your compiler has a weak ADL you might need to put these functions
+some place else or write your own rounder policy.
+
+The default `Trunc<>` rounder policy needs to determine if the source value
+is positive or not, and for this it evaluates the expression
+`s < static_cast<S>(0)`. Therefore, user defined types require a visible
+`operator<` in order to use the `Trunc<>` policy (the default).
+
+
+[endsect]
+
+[section UDT's special semantics]
+
+[heading Conversion Traits]
+
+If a User Defined Type is involved in a conversion, it is ['assumed] that
+the UDT has [link numeric_conversion_definitions_range wider range] 
+than any built-in type, and consequently the values
+of some `converter_traits<>` members are hardwired regardless of the reality.
+The following table summarizes this:
+
+* `Target=`['UDT] and `Source=`['built-in]
+    * `subranged=false`
+    * `supertype=Target`
+    * `subtype=Source`
+* `Target=`['built-in] and `Source=`['UDT]
+    * `subranged=true`
+    * `supertype=Source`
+    * `subtype=Target`
+
+* `Target=`['UDT] and `Source=`['UDT]
+    * `subranged=false`
+    * `supertype=Target`
+    * `subtype=Source`
+
+
+The `Traits` member `udt_mixture` can be used to detect whether a UDT is involved
+and to infer the validity of the other members as shown above.
+
+[heading Range Checking]
+
+Because User Defined Numeric Types might have peculiar ranges (such as an
+unbounded range), this library does not attempt to supply a meaningful range
+checking logic when UDTs are involved in a conversion. Therefore, if either
+Target or Source are not built-in types, the bundled range checking of the
+`converter<>` function object is automatically disabled. However, it is possible
+to supply a user-defined range-checker. See 
+[link numeric_conversion_requirements_hooks Special Policies]
+
+[endsect]
+
+[#numeric_conversion_requirements_hooks]
+
+[section Special Policies]
+
+There are two components of the `converter<>` class that might require special
+behavior if User Defined Numeric Types are involved: the Range Checking and the
+Raw Conversion.
+
+When both Target and Source are built-in types, the converter class uses an internal
+range checking logic which is optimized and customized for the combined properties
+of the types.
+
+However, this internal logic is disabled when either type is User Defined.
+In this case, the user can specify an ['external] range checking policy which will be
+used in place of the internal code. See 
+[link numeric_conversion_policy_user_range_checker UserRangeChecker] policy for details.
+
+The converter class performs the actual conversion using a Raw Converter policy.
+The default raw converter simply performs a `static_cast<Target>(source)`.
+
+However, if the a UDT is involved, the `static_cast` might not work. In this case,
+the user can implement and pass a different raw converter policy.
+See [link numeric_conversion_policy_raw_converter RawConverter] policy for details
+
+[endsect]
+
+[endsect]
+

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+file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy 
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